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Pathophysiology Exam 1 > Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Etiology/Etiologic Factor

A

Disease causing factor/agent. The agent that triggers the disease process. Ex: Bio.(Virus, Bacteria) Physical (trauma, burns) Chemicals (poison, alcohol).

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2
Q

Pathogenesis

A

cellular and tissue responses to an etiologic agent. (prior to onset of disease)

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3
Q

Signs

A

Objective is what you see (ex. Swelling, fever, change in pupil size)

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4
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective is what a patient is telling you (ex. Numbness, tingling, malaise, difficulty breathing)

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5
Q

Syndrome

A

Compilation of S/S that are indicative of a specific disease process.

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6
Q

Diagnosis (Dx)

A

Designation of cause to a disease process.

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7
Q

Reliability

A

Repeated gives same results

Blood Pressure

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8
Q

Validity

A

Extent to which it measures what it is intended to measure

Sphygmometer

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9
Q

Sensitivity

A

True positive result

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10
Q

Specificity

A

True negative result

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11
Q

Idiopathic

A

Unknown cause

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12
Q

Acute

A

Severe but self limiting

Acute appendicitis

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13
Q

Subacute

A

Intermediate between acute and chronic

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14
Q

Chronic

A

Long term, continuous w/ history of exacerbations

COPD

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15
Q

Sub-Clinical

A

No s/s and will not develop

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16
Q

Carrier State

A

Harbors an organism (Sickle cell anemia)

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17
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of disease in a population

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18
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases in pop. during specific time period (Zika)

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19
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of people in a pop. that have the disease at a given time point.

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20
Q

Morbidity

A

Effects illness has on the person

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21
Q

Primary prevention

A

Immunizations, safety teaching

Condoms at a college

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22
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Screenings

Health Fair

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23
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Preventing complications once diagnosed

Diet, exercise, preventing other complications

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24
Q

Cell Membrane

A

semipermeable structure
Phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol, carbohydrates and proteins.
Encloses the cell
Provides intra/extra cellular communication
Transports materials
Maintains electrical activity that powers cell function
Hydrophilic: water-soluble
Hydrophobic: water-insoluble

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25
Q

Nucleus

A 
Enclosed by the nuclear membrane
Control center for cell
Contains chromatin
Contains nucleolus
Contains genetic material
site of RNA synthesis
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26
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Contain Nucleus

27
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

No nucleus

28
Q

Cytoplasm

A

surrounds nucleus
contains organelles (organs of the cell)
work of the cell takes place

29
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site for protein synthesis

30
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Provides transport and communication within the cell.

31
Q

rER

A

contains ribosomes, protein synthesis of plasma proteins.

32
Q

sER

A

no ribosomes, no protein synthesis. Synthesis of lipids & hormones

33
Q

Mitochondria

A

powerhouse of cell, aerobic metabolism converts organic compounds into energy. O2 is required.

34
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

movement of particles or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in order to reach a uniform concentration

35
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

requires a transport protein

36
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of H2O from an area of lower to an area of higher concentration of particles

37
Q

Active Transport

A

Use of energy to move ions across an electrical or chemical gradient (i.e. Na/K pump).

38
Q

Endocytosis

A

Process of engulfing surrounding materials

39
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking

40
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating

41
Q

Exocytosis

A

Secretion into extracellular space

42
Q

THE NA & K PUMP

A

Transports Na ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.
The concentration of Na and K is different both inside and outside the cell.
The difference in concentrations creates an electrical gradient which stimulates the cell.
It also maintains the volume inside the cell.

43
Q

Energy Metabolism

A

Process of converting fats, proteins and carbohydrates into energy.

44
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of stored nutrients and body tissues for energy

45
Q

Anabolism

A

Complex molecules formed from simpler ones

46
Q

Aerobic (02) process

A

occurs inside mitochondria, end product is carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms, yields 34 ATP from the Krebs cycle

47
Q

Anaerobic metabolism (no 02) process

A

Occurs in cytoplasm, end product is lactic acid. Supplies cells w/ ATP when O2 is lacking. Yields 2 ATP and pyruvic acid

48
Q

Cellular hypoxia

A

pyruvic acid —> lactic acid

49
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

50
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in cell size

51
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in the number of cells (Skin callouses)

52
Q

Metaplasia

A

Reversible change in adult cell. Can predispose to cancer if cont’d exposure.
(different epithelia in the throat due to smoking)

53
Q

Dysplasia

A

Precursor for cancer; deranged cell growth; changes in size, shape, & appearance; cell mutations.

54
Q

Neoplasia

A

Cancerous, uncontrolled new growth

55
Q

HYPOXIA

A

Cell Injury: Decreased concentration of O2 in the blood, When cells are hypoxic, they can no longer maintain cellular function.
No Na+/K+ pump: sodium accumulates within the cell and pressure inside the cell increases, drawing water inside the cell and the cell swells up.
The effects of hypoxia can be reversed if O2 is returned to the cell.

56
Q

Hypoxic injury

A

Ischemia: Lack of perfusion which leads to lack of O2.
Anemia: Deficient RBC’s

57
Q

Free radicals are reactive oxygen species

A 
Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron that damage:
Lipid peroxidation
Alteration of proteins
Alteration of DNA
Mitochondria
58
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Ionizing radiation

Any form of radiation capable of removing orbital electrons from atoms. Can cause genetic mutations.

59
Q

Injurious genetics and epigenetic factors that damage cells

A

Nuclear alterations

Alterations in the plasma membrane structure, shape, receptors, or transport mechanisms

60
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Consequence of protein degradation
During hypoxic injuries in infarcted areas
In almost any organ except brain
Acidosis develops and protein denaturation of cell occurs

61
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Cells die but hydrolytic enzymes not destroyed
Ex: softening of center of abcess w/ discharge of its contents
In tissues w/ high lipid content, i.e. brain

62
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

“Cheese-like” material
Infiltration of fat-like substances
Characteristic of mycobacterial, tuberculosis pulmonary infections

63
Q

Gangrenous necrosis

A

Death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury
Dry (Skin shrivels) vs. wet (Fluid contained in necrotic area) gangrene
Gas gangrene caused by: Clostridium

64
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cellular death

Physiologic vs. pathologic

Pathophysiology Exam 1 (2 decks)

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