Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology

Question 1

Etiology/Etiologic Factor

Answer 1

Disease causing factor/agent. The agent that triggers the disease process. Ex: Bio.(Virus, Bacteria) Physical (trauma, burns) Chemicals (poison, alcohol).

Question 2

Pathogenesis

Answer 2

cellular and tissue responses to an etiologic agent. (prior to onset of disease)

Question 3

Signs

Answer 3

Objective is what you see (ex. Swelling, fever, change in pupil size)

Question 4

Symptoms

Answer 4

Subjective is what a patient is telling you (ex. Numbness, tingling, malaise, difficulty breathing)

Question 5

Syndrome

Answer 5

Compilation of S/S that are indicative of a specific disease process.

Question 6

Diagnosis (Dx)

Answer 6

Designation of cause to a disease process.

Question 7

Reliability

Answer 7

Repeated gives same results

Blood Pressure

Question 8

Validity

Answer 8

Extent to which it measures what it is intended to measure

Sphygmometer

Question 9

Sensitivity

Answer 9

True positive result

Question 10

Specificity

Answer 10

True negative result

Question 11

Idiopathic

Answer 11

Unknown cause

Question 12

Acute

Answer 12

Severe but self limiting

Acute appendicitis

Question 13

Subacute

Answer 13

Intermediate between acute and chronic

Question 14

Chronic

Answer 14

Long term, continuous w/ history of exacerbations

COPD

Question 15

Sub-Clinical

Answer 15

No s/s and will not develop

Question 16

Carrier State

Answer 16

Harbors an organism (Sickle cell anemia)

Question 17

Epidemiology

Answer 17

Study of disease in a population

Question 18

Incidence

Answer 18

Number of new cases in pop. during specific time period (Zika)

Question 19

Prevalence

Answer 19

Number of people in a pop. that have the disease at a given time point.

Question 20

Morbidity

Answer 20

Effects illness has on the person

Question 21

Primary prevention

Answer 21

Immunizations, safety teaching

Condoms at a college

Question 22

Secondary prevention

Answer 22

Screenings

Health Fair

Question 23

Tertiary prevention

Answer 23

Preventing complications once diagnosed

Diet, exercise, preventing other complications

Question 24

Cell Membrane

Answer 24

semipermeable structure
Phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol, carbohydrates and proteins.
Encloses the cell
Provides intra/extra cellular communication
Transports materials
Maintains electrical activity that powers cell function
Hydrophilic: water-soluble
Hydrophobic: water-insoluble

Question 25

Nucleus

Answer 25

``` Enclosed by the nuclear membrane Control center for cell Contains chromatin Contains nucleolus Contains genetic material site of RNA synthesis ```

Question 26

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 26

Contain Nucleus

Question 27

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 27

No nucleus

Question 28

Cytoplasm

Answer 28

surrounds nucleus contains organelles (organs of the cell) work of the cell takes place

Question 29

Ribosomes

Answer 29

Site for protein synthesis

Question 30

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 30

Provides transport and communication within the cell.

Question 31

rER

Answer 31

contains ribosomes, protein synthesis of plasma proteins.

Question 32

sER

Answer 32

no ribosomes, no protein synthesis. Synthesis of lipids & hormones

Question 33

Mitochondria

Answer 33

powerhouse of cell, aerobic metabolism converts organic compounds into energy. O2 is required.

Question 34

Simple Diffusion

Answer 34

movement of particles or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in order to reach a uniform concentration

Question 35

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 35

requires a transport protein

Question 36

Osmosis

Answer 36

Movement of H2O from an area of lower to an area of higher concentration of particles

Question 37

Active Transport

Answer 37

Use of energy to move ions across an electrical or chemical gradient (i.e. Na/K pump).

Question 38

Endocytosis

Answer 38

Process of engulfing surrounding materials

Question 39

Pinocytosis

Answer 39

Cell drinking

Question 40

Phagocytosis

Answer 40

Cell eating

Question 41

Exocytosis

Answer 41

Secretion into extracellular space

Question 42

THE NA & K PUMP

Answer 42

Transports Na ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. The concentration of Na and K is different both inside and outside the cell. The difference in concentrations creates an electrical gradient which stimulates the cell. It also maintains the volume inside the cell.

Question 43

Energy Metabolism

Answer 43

Process of converting fats, proteins and carbohydrates into energy.

Question 44

Catabolism

Answer 44

Breakdown of stored nutrients and body tissues for energy

Question 45

Anabolism

Answer 45

Complex molecules formed from simpler ones

Question 46

Aerobic (02) process

Answer 46

occurs inside mitochondria, end product is carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms, yields 34 ATP from the Krebs cycle

Question 47

Anaerobic metabolism (no 02) process

Answer 47

Occurs in cytoplasm, end product is lactic acid. Supplies cells w/ ATP when O2 is lacking. Yields 2 ATP and pyruvic acid

Question 48

Cellular hypoxia

Answer 48

pyruvic acid ---> lactic acid

Question 49

Hypertrophy

Answer 49

Increase in cell size

Question 50

Atrophy

Answer 50

Decrease in cell size

Question 51

Hyperplasia

Answer 51

Increase in the number of cells (Skin callouses)

Question 52

Metaplasia

Answer 52

Reversible change in adult cell. Can predispose to cancer if cont’d exposure. (different epithelia in the throat due to smoking)

Question 53

Dysplasia

Answer 53

Precursor for cancer; deranged cell growth; changes in size, shape, & appearance; cell mutations.

Question 54

Neoplasia

Answer 54

Cancerous, uncontrolled new growth

Question 55

HYPOXIA

Answer 55

Cell Injury: Decreased concentration of O2 in the blood, When cells are hypoxic, they can no longer maintain cellular function. No Na+/K+ pump: sodium accumulates within the cell and pressure inside the cell increases, drawing water inside the cell and the cell swells up. The effects of hypoxia can be reversed if O2 is returned to the cell.

Question 56

Hypoxic injury

Answer 56

Ischemia: Lack of perfusion which leads to lack of O2. Anemia: Deficient RBC’s

Question 57

Free radicals are reactive oxygen species

Answer 57

``` Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron that damage: Lipid peroxidation Alteration of proteins Alteration of DNA Mitochondria ```

Question 58

Ionizing radiation

Answer 58

Ionizing radiation | Any form of radiation capable of removing orbital electrons from atoms. Can cause genetic mutations.

Question 59

Injurious genetics and epigenetic factors that damage cells

Answer 59

Nuclear alterations | Alterations in the plasma membrane structure, shape, receptors, or transport mechanisms

Question 60

Coagulative necrosis

Answer 60

Consequence of protein degradation During hypoxic injuries in infarcted areas In almost any organ except brain Acidosis develops and protein denaturation of cell occurs

Question 61

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 61

Cells die but hydrolytic enzymes not destroyed Ex: softening of center of abcess w/ discharge of its contents In tissues w/ high lipid content, i.e. brain

Question 62

Caseous necrosis

Answer 62

“Cheese-like” material Infiltration of fat-like substances Characteristic of mycobacterial, tuberculosis pulmonary infections

Question 63

Gangrenous necrosis

Answer 63

Death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury Dry (Skin shrivels) vs. wet (Fluid contained in necrotic area) gangrene Gas gangrene caused by: Clostridium

Question 64

Apoptosis

Answer 64

Programmed cellular death | Physiologic vs. pathologic