Chapters 3 9 11 Flashcards
Alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome)
physical and mental abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking
- in severe cases, signs include a small, out of proportion head and abnormal facial features
Teratogens
- agent, such as a chemical or virus, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
Authorative
Permissive
Authoritarian
Authoritative Parents
- Parents tend to have children with the highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence
- they exert control by setting rules, but they encourage open discussion and allow exceptions
Permissive Parents
- Tend to have children who are more aggressive and immature
= give in to their children’s desires, make few demands and use little punishment
Authoritarian Parents
- Parent tend to have children with less social skills and self-esteem
- set the rules and expect obedience
Motivation and Motives
Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Homeostasis
- Tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
- The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Self-Actualization
Psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved
The motivation to fulfill our potential
Drive Reduction Theory
Idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates us to satisfy the need
we have physiological needs
unmet needs creates a drive
that drive pushed one to reduce the need
Need (food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst) Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking)
Set Point
Point at which your “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight
Facial feedback Effect
research demonstrates that outward expressions and movements can trigger inner feeling and emotions
Repression
the basic mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing impulses, enables other defense mechanisms (freud believed)
Defensive Mechanism
unconscious process employed to avoid anxiety-arousing thoughts or feelings
Erickson’s Psychosocial Stage Theory of Development
Erikson proposed the resolution of a specific crisis at each stage of life
o The adolescent struggle involves identity versus role confusion-continuing into adulthood
o The task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and blending various roles
o Social identity involves the “we” aspect of self-concept that comes from group memberships
o Healthy identity formation is followed by the capacity to build close relationships
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Infancy (to 1 year) Toddlerhood (1-3 years) Preschool (3-6 years) Elementary school (6 years to puberty) Adolescence (teen years to 20s) Young adulthood (20s to early 40s) Middle adulthood (40s to 60s) Late adulthood (late 60s and up)
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
o Infancy (to 1 year)
1 Trust vs mistrust
• If needs are dependably met, ifant develop a sense of basic trust
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
o Toddlerhood (1 to 3 years)
2 Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
• Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
o Preschool ( 3 to 6 years)
3 Initiative vs. guilt
• Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their effort to be independent
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
o Elementary school ( 6 years to puberty)
4 Competence vs inferiority
• Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to taks or they feel inferior
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
o Adolescence (teen years into 20s)
5 Identity vs. role confusion
• Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then blending them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
o Young adulthood (20s to early 40s)
6 Intimacy vs isolation
• Young adults struggle to form close relationship and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
o Middle adulthood (4os to 60s)
7 Generativity vs stagnation
• In middle ae, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
o Late adulthood (late 60s and up)
8 Integrity vs despair
• Reflecting on his or her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’s stages of grief
o Brought the subject of death into the open with her observatioin that those facing impending death tend to move through five broad stages:
Denial
• Initial stage: “it can’t be happening”
Anger
• “Why me? It’s not fair”
• Either referring to god, oneself, or anybody percieved, rightly or wrongly, as “responsible”
Bargaining: “just let me live to see my child(ren) graduate
Depression: “I’m so sad, why bother with anything?”
Acceptance: “It’s going to be ok.”
Obesity
Obesity has physical and social risks
Obese 6 to 9 yrs old are 60 percent more likely to suffer bullying
Adult obesity is linked with lower psychological wellbeing, increased depression, and employment discrimination
Obesity health risk
o Shortened life
o Reduced quality of life
o Increased health care cost
Why don’t obese people not lose weight?
Sluggish metabolism
o Fat has lower metabolic rate
Genetic handicap
o Genes explain 2/3 of the person-to-person differences in body mass of adopted children and identical twins
Obesity risk factors
o Sleeploss
o Friendship with obese friends
o Fattening world
o Activity level
Waist management
o Begin only if you feel motivated and self-disciplined
o Exercise and get enough sleep
o Minimize exposure to tempting food cues
o Reduce portion sizes
o Don’t starve all day and eat one big meal at night
o Beware of the binge
o Before eating with others, decide how much you want to eat
o Remember, most people occasionally lapse
o Connect to a support group
Hypothalamus
“pleasure center” Arcuate nucleus o Pumps appetite-suppressing hormones Ghrelin o Involves hunger-arousing hormones secreted by empty stomach
Glucose
Is form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
Triggers feeling of hunger when low
The appetite hormones
Ghrelin
1o Hormone secreted by empty stomach
o Sends “I’m hungry” signals to the brain
The appetite hormones
Insulin
2o Hormone secreted by pancreas
o Controls blood glucose
The appetite hormones
Leptin
3o Protein hormone secreted by fat cells
o When abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
The appetite hormones
Orexin
4o Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus
The appetite hormones
PYY
5o Digestive tract hormone
o Sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain
What are the appetite Hormones?
Ghrelin Insulin Leptin Orexin PYY
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs: at the base physiological needs must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs, and then psychological needs, become active
Viewed human motives as pyramid
At the base are basic physiological needs; at the peak are the highest human needs
What are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
o Self-transcendence needs o Self-actualization needs o Esteem needs o Belongingness and love needs o Safety needs o Physiological needs
What are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
1 top 6 bottom
o Self-transcendence needs
1 Need to find meaning and identity beyond the self
What are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
1 top 6 bottom
self-actualization needs
2 Need to live up to our fullest and unique potential
What are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
1 top 6 bottom
Esteem Needs
3 Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence
Need for recognition and respect from others
What are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
1 top 6 bottom
Belongingness and love needs
4 Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted
Need to avoid loneliness and separation
What are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
1 top 6 bottom
Safety needs
5 Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable
Need to feel safe, secure, and stable
What are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
1 top 6 bottom
Physiological need
6 Need to satisfy hunger and thirst
Emotions
Emotions are adaptive responses that support survival
Emotional components
o Bodily arousal
o Expressive behaviors
o Conscious experiences
Emotion theory
James-Lange Theory: Arousal comes before emotion
o Experience of emotion involves awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
o We don’t just smile because we share our teammates’’ joy. We also share the joy because we are smiling with them
o We observe our heart racing after a threat and then feel afraid
Emotion theory
Cannon-Bard Theory : Arousal and emotion happen at the same time
o Emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers
Physiological responses
The subjective experience of emotion
o Our heart races at the same time that we feel afraid
Emotion Theory
Schachter-Singer Two-factor Theory: Arousal + Label = Emotion
o Emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and cognitive appraisal
o Arousal fuels emotion; cognition channels it
o Emotional experience requires a conscious interpretation of arousal
o Spillover effect: spillover arousal from one event to the next—influencing a response
Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which can descend into rioting or other violent confrontations
o We may label our arousal as fear or excitement, depending on context
Emotion theory
Zajonc, LeDoux
o Emotion and the two-track brain
o Zajonc
Sometimes emotional response take neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex and goes directly to amygdala
Some emotional responses involve no deliberate thinking
Zajonc, LeDoux
• We automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before we label it a threat
Emotion Theory
Lazarus
emotion and two track brain
Brain processes much information without conscious awareness, but mental functioning still takes place
Emotions arise when an event is appraised as harmless or dangerous
The sound is “just the wind”
Detecting emotions in others
People were more likely to see it as a male when it wore an angry expression, and as a female when it wore a smile
o Glance or a stare can communicate intimacy, submission, or dominance
o Nonthreatening cues more easily detected that deceiving expressions
o Women detect emotions (except anger) better than men
o Females more likely to express empathy and experience emotional events
Culture and emotional expression
o Gesture meanings vary among cultures; but outward signs of emotion are generally the same
o Shared emotional categories do not reflect shared cultural experiences
Gordon Allport’s trait theory
o Personality described as a stable and enduring pattern of behavior
The “big five” personality factors (canoe)
o Conscientiousness
Disorganized, careless, impulsive organized, careful, disciplined
o Agreeableness
Ruthless, suspicious, uncooopeartive soft-hearted, trusting, helpful
o Neuroticism (emotional stability vs. instability)
Calm, secure, self-satisfied anxious, insecure, self-pitying
o Openness
Practical, prefers routine, conforming imaginative, prefers variety, independent
o Extraversion
Retiring, sober, reserved sociable, fun-loving, affectionate
Sigmund Freud – structure
View of personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
o Personality arises from conflict between impulse and restraint
o With socialization, urges are internalize through social restraints which aid in the resolution of basic conflict
o People seek to express impulses in ways that bring satisfaction without guilt or punishment
Exploring the unconscious (Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective)
o Specialized in nervous disorders after medical school
o Theorized that mind contained large unconscious region where feelings and ideas were repressed
o Used free association to help patients find and release forbidden thoughts
Psychoanalysis
o Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
o The techniques used in treating psychological disorder by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Unconcious
o According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
o According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
Free association
o In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, matter how unimportant or embarrassing
Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure
o Id
Unconcious psychi energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates gratification
o Ego
Largely conscious, “executive” part that balances the demands of the id, superego, and reality; operates on reality principle
o Superego
Represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future goals
Freud’s psychosexual stages
o Children pass through stages wherein id’s pleasure-seeking energies forcus on an erogenous zone o Oral (0-18 months) Pleasure centers on the mouth—sucking, biting, chewing o Anal (18-36 months) Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination Coping with demands for control o Phallic (3-6 years) Pleasure zone is the genitals Coping with incestuous sexual feelings o Latency (6 to puberty) Dormant sexual feelings o Genital Maturation of sexual interests
Oedipus complex
o Boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Electra complex
o Female version of Oedipus complex
women want power
Identification
o Children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
Fixation
o Lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
Defense Mechanism
o Ego distorts reality in effort to manage anxiety through defense mechanisms
o All defense mechanisms operate indirectly and unconsciously
o Repression underlies all other defense mechanisms
Defense Mechanism
Regression
1 Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
A little boy reverts to the oral confort of thumb suckin on the way to his first day of school
Defense Mechanism
Reaction Formation
2 Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
Repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness
Defense Mechanism
Projection
3 Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
An el Salvadoran saying captures the idea: “the thief thinks everyone else is a thief”
Defense Mechanism
Rationalization
4 Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’ actions
A habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends “just to be sociable.”
Defense Mechanism
Displacement
5 Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
A little girl kicks the family dog after her mother puts her in time-out
Defense Mechanism
Denial
6 Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
A partner denies evidence of his loved one’s affair
Adler’s and Horney’s beliefs about personality development
Accepted Freud’s basic ideas
Incorporated some Freudian ideas into psychodynamic theory: much of mental life is unconscious
Differed from Freud in two ways:
o Placed more emphasis on role of the conscious mind
o Doubted sex and aggression were all-consuming motivations; emphasized social interactions and other motives
Carl Rogers’ Person-centered perspective
People have self-actualizing tendencies and are basically good
Self-concept is central feature of personality
Characteristics that nurture growth between any two human beings
o Genuineness
o Acceptance
o Emphathy
Unconditional Positive regard
o According to rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Self-concept
o All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “who am I?”
The Biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality
At every moment, our behavior is influenced by our biology, our social and cultural experiences, and our thought processes and traits
The Biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality
Personality
Biological Influences
1 Genetically determined temperament
Autonomic nervous stystem ractivity
Brain activity
The Biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality
Personality
Psychological Influences
2 Learned responses
Unconscious thought processes
Expectations and interpretations
The Biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality
Personality
Social Cultural Influences
3 Childhood experiences
Influence of the situation
Cultural expectations
Social support
What is the the most widely used objective test to measure personality?
Rorschach test
Rorschach test
o The most wildely used objective test to measure personality
o Revels what seen in series of 10 ink blots reflect inner feelings and conflicts
o Lacks predictive validity and reliability
Projective Test
o Reveal hidden conflicts and conflicts
o Provide glimpse into test-taker unconsciousness
Stress (class note)
- the real roots of stress come from within
- “it is not the place, nor the condition, but the mind alone that can make anyone happy or miserable.”
- it is the way you look at and operate your life that causes most of your pain and frustration.
- create peace instead of stress
The type and number of chromosomes males and females have
xx- female 23
xy- male 23
Why set goals?
1 it is a way of organizing your life
- it will reduce stress
- it is a way of marking your progress as you reach the goals
- as you reach goals your self-esteem rises
- as we reach one goal we are motivated to go on to other goals
How to set goals
- Don’t set them too high
- Don’t set them too low
- Make them challenging
Adler
coined “inferiority complex”
strive for goals
Hypothalamus 2
Lateral - feeding (hunger)
Ventromedial - satiety (full)
Paraventricular - blood sugar levels (fat)
Obesity
class
doubled since 1980
book “what to say when you talk to your self”
when monitor talk to self - negative ; beat up self
need to switch and change to positive approach
- “brain can’t take a joke”
self-efficacy
Hans Selye’s GAS syndrome
General adaptation syndrome
phase 1 - alarm
phase 2 resistance
phase 3 exhaustion
Type A’s personality in relationship to heart disease
type A’s toxic core is negative emotion - especially anger
Developmental Psychology
the scientific study of changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life
- originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire lifespan.
Sensation Seekers
Personality trait defined by the search of experiences and feelingsm that are “varied, novel, complex and intense”, and by the readiness to “take physical, social, legal, and financial risks for the sake of such experience”
thrill seekers
External Locus of control
belief that events in one’s life, whether good or bad, are caused by uncontrollable factors such as the environment, other people, or a higher power
o individuals believe they are powerless to control outside events. Self-efficacy
Internal Locus of control
individuals believe they can control events that happen to them
Personality
refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving
Emotion focused coping
involves trying to reduce the negative emotional responses associated with stress such as embarrassment, fear, anxiety,m depression excitement, and frustration,
the only realistic option when the source of stress is outside the person’s control
Drug therapy
Keeping yourself busy to take your mind off the issue
Letting of steam to other people
Praying for guidance and strength
Ignoring the problemn in the hope it will go away
Distracting yourself (eg tv, eating)
building yourself to expect the worse
less effecting than problem-focused
women tend to use more emotion focused
negative side effects – delays the person dealing with the problem
Problem - focused coping
Lazarus and folkman suggestion 2 types of coping responses
targets the causers of stress in practical ways which tackles the problem or stressful situation that is causing stress, consequently directly reducing the stress
aims to remove or redcuce the cause of the stress
taking control – escaping from the stress or removing the stress
information seeking – most rational action; trying to understand the situation and putting into place cognitive stratgies to avoid it in future
evaluating the pros and cons of different options for dealing with the stressor
is best, removes the stressors, so deals with the root cause of the problem, providing a long term solution
not best or possible for some: death, loss (requires emotion); not work beyond indiviudals control to remove source of stress – exam, work, etc
people with low self steem use emotion focused
Pyschoneuroimmunology
(PNI) is the study of the interaction between psychological processess and the nervous and immune systems of the human body
Subject of daily hassles of life and stress
Daily hassles are the small, day to day irritations, repeated many times, that drive us all crazy (printer jam, lose keys)
Daily hassles are as toxic to our health as major life events
constantly triggering your stress response
affect our longer term health and mood
When there is no time to recover from one problem before the next one hitsm your stystem starts wearing down from the stress
may take more toll on our health than even major life events like bereavement
those who experienced higher rate of daily hassles were at an increased risk of dying early, just as if they’d experienced more serious life event, like losing a loved one
Freud’s psychosexual stages
Oral fixiation
mouth
- over eating, smoking
Freud’s psychosexual stages
Anal fixiation
potty train
- control (anal retentive; explosive
- very particular
Freud’s psychosexual stages
Phalic fixation
4-5 years
oedipus complex
- try to be the parents
elektra complex (Horneyes)
Freud’s psychosexual stages
Latent and Genital
Latent - it’s there, not obvious
genital - 12 yrs old on; become adult; marries
how stress correlates with disease
reduce immune system
Self-efficacy
I can attitude
powerful approach
Personality factor of psychological hardiness
o a personality type or pattern associated with continued good health and performance under stress
o have a high sense of life and work commitment, a greater feeling of control over what happens to them, and are more open to changed and challenges in life
o tend to interpret stressful and difficult experiences as normal features of an existence which is overall interesting and worthwhile
o function as a significant moderator or buffer in the stress-health relation
o low neuroticism
o predicting leader performance
Three components of Psychological Hardiness
o commitment
o challenge
o control
Happiness
mental or emotional state of well-being defined by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment or intense joy
Predictors of happiness? (maybe)
• autonomy – “feeling that your life-its activities and habbits – are slef-chosen and self-endorsed”
• internal locus of control
- social relationships
Two main causes of illness/disease?????
Heart disease
Stroke
