Chapters 3 9 11 Flashcards
Alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome)
physical and mental abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking
- in severe cases, signs include a small, out of proportion head and abnormal facial features
Teratogens
- agent, such as a chemical or virus, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
Authorative
Permissive
Authoritarian
Authoritative Parents
- Parents tend to have children with the highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence
- they exert control by setting rules, but they encourage open discussion and allow exceptions
Permissive Parents
- Tend to have children who are more aggressive and immature
= give in to their children’s desires, make few demands and use little punishment
Authoritarian Parents
- Parent tend to have children with less social skills and self-esteem
- set the rules and expect obedience
Motivation and Motives
Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Homeostasis
- Tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
- The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Self-Actualization
Psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved
The motivation to fulfill our potential
Drive Reduction Theory
Idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates us to satisfy the need
we have physiological needs
unmet needs creates a drive
that drive pushed one to reduce the need
Need (food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst) Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking)
Set Point
Point at which your “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight
Facial feedback Effect
research demonstrates that outward expressions and movements can trigger inner feeling and emotions
Repression
the basic mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing impulses, enables other defense mechanisms (freud believed)
Defensive Mechanism
unconscious process employed to avoid anxiety-arousing thoughts or feelings
Erickson’s Psychosocial Stage Theory of Development
Erikson proposed the resolution of a specific crisis at each stage of life
o The adolescent struggle involves identity versus role confusion-continuing into adulthood
o The task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and blending various roles
o Social identity involves the “we” aspect of self-concept that comes from group memberships
o Healthy identity formation is followed by the capacity to build close relationships
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Infancy (to 1 year) Toddlerhood (1-3 years) Preschool (3-6 years) Elementary school (6 years to puberty) Adolescence (teen years to 20s) Young adulthood (20s to early 40s) Middle adulthood (40s to 60s) Late adulthood (late 60s and up)
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
o Infancy (to 1 year)
1 Trust vs mistrust
• If needs are dependably met, ifant develop a sense of basic trust
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
o Toddlerhood (1 to 3 years)
2 Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
• Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
o Preschool ( 3 to 6 years)
3 Initiative vs. guilt
• Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their effort to be independent
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
o Elementary school ( 6 years to puberty)
4 Competence vs inferiority
• Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to taks or they feel inferior
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
o Adolescence (teen years into 20s)
5 Identity vs. role confusion
• Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then blending them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
o Young adulthood (20s to early 40s)
6 Intimacy vs isolation
• Young adults struggle to form close relationship and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
o Middle adulthood (4os to 60s)
7 Generativity vs stagnation
• In middle ae, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
o Late adulthood (late 60s and up)
8 Integrity vs despair
• Reflecting on his or her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure