Chapters 12 13 14

Question 1

Defining Psychological disorder Culture and Time

Answer 1

 Diagnosis of specific disorders has varied from culture to culture and overtime in the same culture

Question 2

Understanding Psychological Disorders - Middle Ages

Answer 2

 Wide variety of therapies (often cruel or barbaric) used to drive out demons or modify madness

Question 3

Understanding Psychological Disorders - Philippe Pinel

Answer 3

 Opposed brutal treatment and proposed moral treament
 Viewed madness as a sickness of mind caused by severe stress and inhumane treatment
 Sponsored patient dances “lunatic balls”

Question 4

Understanding Psychological Disorders - The medical Model

Answer 4

 1800s: search for physical causes of mental disorders and for curative treatment
 mental illness is diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and cured through therapy, including treatment

Question 5

Understanding Psychological Disorders - The biopsychosocial Model

Answer 5

 General approach positing that biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors, all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness

Question 6

Classification in psychiatry and psychology

Answer 6

 Provides name and description
 Attempts to predict the future of a disorder
 Suggests treatment

Question 7

DSM - 5

Answer 7

 American Psychiatric Association’s 2013 Diagnositc and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
 A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

Question 8

Personality disorder

Answer 8

o Inflexible and enduring behavior pattern that impairs social functioning
o May include withdrawal or avoidance of social contact, insecurity, instability, or manipulative behaviors

Question 9

Insanity

Answer 9

o mental illness of such a severe nature that a person cannot distinguish fantasy from reality, cannot conduct her/his affairs due to psychosis, or is subject to uncontrollable impulsive behavior.

Question 10

Hallucination

Answer 10

o perceiving things in the absence of stimulation
o perceiving things that are not really there.
o Can be false or distorted, but seem very real and vivid to the person experiencing it
o can involve any of the senses including vision, hearing, smell, touch, taste and movement
o different things that may cause hallucinations including substance abuse and schizophrenia.

Question 11

Delusions

Answer 11

o False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany schizophrenia and other disorders

Question 12

Obsessions

Answer 12

o Unwanted repetitive thoughts (OCD)

Question 13

Compulsions

Answer 13

o Unwanted repetitive actions (OCD)

Question 14

Comorbidity

Answer 14

• the presence of one or more additional disorders (or diseases) co-occurring with a primary disease or disorder
• or the effect of such additional disorders or diseases
• The additional disorder may also be a behavioral or mental disorder.

Question 15

Autism spectrum Disorder

Answer 15

o a serious neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs a child’s ability to communicate and interact with others
o includes restricted repetitive behaviors, interests and activities.
o These issues cause significant impairment in social, occupational and other areas of functioning.
o Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is now defined by the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a single disorder that includes disorders that were previously considered separate — autism, Asperger’s syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive developmental disord

Question 16

NSSI

Answer 16

o Nonsuicidal self-injury
o Includes cutting, burning, and hitting oneself, pulling out hair, inserting objects under the nails or skin and self-administered tattooing
o People engange in NSSI to
 Gain relief from intense negative thoughts through the distraction of pain
 Ask for help and gain attention
 Relieve guilt by self-punishment
 Get others to change their negative behavior (bullying, criticism)
 Fit in with a peer group

Question 17

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 17

o Positive in a sense that inappropriate behaviors are present
o May laugh or cry or las out in rage at inappropriate times

Question 18

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 18

o Toneless voices, expressionless faces, or mute and rigid bodies
o Negative in a the sense that actions or feelings are absent when you might expect them to be present

Question 19

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Answer 19

o Disorganized speech
o Disturbed perceptions
o Diminished and inappropriate emotions and actions

Question 20

Tardive dyskinesia

Answer 20

o A neurological syndrome characterized by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements caused by the long-term use of certain drugs called neuroleptics used for psychiatric, gastrointestinal, and neurological disorders.

Question 21

Resilience

Answer 21

o an individual’s ability to properly adapt to stress and adversity
o Stress and adversity can come in the shape of family or relationship problems, health problems, or workplace and financial stressors, among others.

Question 22

Eclectic therapeutic approach

Answer 22

o Selecting a mixture of what appears to be best of various doctrines, methods or styles.
o therapist chooses interventions because they work, without looking for a theoretical basis for using the technique.
o Eclectic practitioners are not bound by the theories or methodology of any one particular school
o use what they believe or feel or experience tells them will work best, either in general, or to suit the immediate needs of individual clients

Question 23

Continuity Hypothesis

???

Answer 23

“A warm continuous relationship with the mother or permanant mother substitute is essential for healthy attachment to occur, as it gives individuals a ‘working model’ about how relationships function”

Question 24

ADHD

Answer 24

• Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder
• 11% of american 4 – 17 yrs old diagnosed
• extreme inattention, heperactivity and impulsivity
• 2.5% have ADHD sympstoms

Question 25

 How can symptoms of ADHD be treated?

Answer 25

• With medication and other theraphies

Question 26

Anxiety Disorders

Answer 26

• Marked by distressing persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Question 27

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 27

• Person Is constantly tense and uneasy for no apparent reason

Question 28

Generalize anxiety disorder symptoms

Answer 28

• Continual worrying, often jittery, sleep deprived, concentration difficulties, often expereienced with depression
• 2/3 are women; decreases with age in many

Question 29

Panic Disorder

Answer 29

• Person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread and often lives in fear of when the next attack might strike

Question 30

Panic disorder symptoms

Answer 30

• Irregular heartbeat, chest pains, shortness of breath, choking, dizzeness, trembling
• Smoking increases the risk for attacks

Question 31

Phobias

Answer 31

• Person feels irrationally and intensely afraid of a specific object or situation

Question 32

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Answer 32

• Person is troubled by repetitive thoughts or actions

- Occurs when obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors interfere with everyday life and cause distress

Question 33

Post traumatic stress disorder

Answer 33

• Person has lingering memories, nightmares, and other symptoms for weeks after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event

Question 34

PTSD usually involves

Answer 34

• Battle-scarred veterans and survivors of accidents, disasters, and violent and sexual assualts (2/3rd prostitutes)
• Women are at higher risks

Question 35

Major depressive disorder

Answer 35

• Persistent state of hopeless depression

- Occurs when signs of depression last two or more weeks and are not caused by drugs or a medical condition

Question 36

Bipolar disorder

Answer 36

• An alternation between depression and overexcited hyperactivity; less common
• May include seasonal patterns; involves a surge in diagnosis

Question 37

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 37

• Person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight

Question 38

Bulimia Nervosa

Answer 38

• Person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), fasting or excessive exercise

Question 39

Binge-eating disorder

Answer 39

• Significant binge eating, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

Question 40

Dissociative disorder

Answer 40

• Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Question 41

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 41

• Rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities (multiple personality disorder)

Question 42

Antisocial personality disorder

Answer 42

• Lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friend and family members
• Impulsive, fearless, irresponsible
• Some genetic tendencies, including low arousal
• Typically male; emerges before age 15; influenced by nature and nurture

Question 43

DSM-5 Criticsm (Problems of diagnostic labeling of psychological disorders)

Answer 43

• Antisocial personality disorder and generalized anxiety disorder did poorly on field trials
• DSM-5 contributes to pathologizing of everyday life
• System labels are society’s value judgements (Rosenhan 1973)

Question 44

DSM-5 Benefits

Answer 44

• System helps mental health professionals comnmunicate and is useful in research

Question 45

Are people with psychological disorders dangerous?

Answer 45

• The majority of violent crimes are committed by those with no diagnosed disorders
• There is little risk of violence or harm to a stranger from casual contact with an individual who has a mental disorder
• Alcohol or drugs, previous violence, and gun available are better predictors of violence

Question 46

How do anxious feelings arise - Conditioning?

Classical Conditioning helps explain?

Answer 46

• classical conditioning helps explain

1. How panic-prone people associate anxiety with certain cues

Question 47

How do anxious feelings feelings arise - conditioning

Stimulus generalization research demonstrates

Answer 47

How a fearful event can later become a fear of similar events

Question 48

How do anxious feelings arise - conditioning

Operant conditioning can help?

Answer 48

maintain a developed and generalized phobia

Question 49

How do anxious feelings arise - cognition

Answer 49

• Observing others can contribute to the development of some fears
• Interpretations and expectations shape reactions

Question 50

Schizophrenia

Answer 50

o Psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

Question 51

Onset and development of schizophrenia

Answer 51

o Sudden appearance for some; slow-developing for others
o Recovery is more difficult for slow-developing onset
o Men are stuck earlier, more severely, and slightly more often

Question 52

Prenatal environment and risk – schizophrenia

Answer 52

o Low birth weight
o Lack of oxygen during delivery
o Maternal prenatal nutrition
o Mid pregnancy viral infection (flu, dense population, season of birth)

Question 53

Bipolar is treated with?

Answer 53

o Lithium
 Natural salt
 Monitor carefully
 Deadly and fatal

Question 54

Psychoanalysis

Answer 54

o Therapy in which a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth

Question 55

Psychoanalysis : Goals

Answer 55

o To bring patients’ repressed feelings into conscious awareness
o To help patients release energy devoted to id-ego-superego conflicts

Question 56

Psychoanalysis: Techniques

Answer 56

o Historical reconstruction, initially through hypnosis and later through free association
o Interpretation of resistance, transference

Question 57

Psychodynamic therapy

Answer 57

o is a view that explains personality in terms of conscious and unconscious forces, such as unconscious desires and beliefs.
o also known as insight-oriented therapy, focuses on unconscious processes as they are manifested in a person’s present behavior.

Question 58

Psychodynamic Therapy Goals

Answer 58

o To help people understand current symptoms
o a client’s self-awareness and understanding of the influence of the past on present behavior.
o To explore and gain perspective on defended-against thoughts and feelings

Question 59

Psychodynamic Therapy Techniques

Answer 59

o Client-centered face-to-face meetings

o Exploration of past relationship troubles to understand the orgiins of current difficulties

Question 60

Humanistic Therapy Theme

Answer 60

 Emphasis on people’s potential for self-fullfillment

 To give people new insights

Question 61

Humanistic Therapies Goals

Answer 61

To reduce inner conflicts that interfere with natural development and growth

Question 62

Humanistic Therapies Techniques

Answer 62

 Client-centered therapy

 Focus on taking responsibility for feelings and actions and on present and future rather than past

Question 63

Client-centered Therapy

Answer 63

o Carl Rogers
o Person-centered therapy focuses on a person’s conscious self-perceptions
- Most people possess resources for growth

Question 64

Terms associated with client-centered therapy

Answer 64

 Non-directive
 Active listening
 Unconditional positive regard

Question 65

What does therapists do during person(client)-centered therapy

Answer 65

Foster growth by exhibiting genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

Question 66

During Carl Rogers Humanistic Therapy…How is communication strengthened?

Answer 66

 Summarize
 Invite clarification
 Reflect feelings

Question 67

Behavior Therapies - Classical Conditioning Techniques

Answer 67

 Counterconditioning
 Exposure therapies
 Systematic desensitization

Question 68

Counterconditioning

Answer 68

 Uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

Question 69

Exposure Therapies

Answer 69

o Treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid

Question 70

Systematic desensitization

Answer 70

o Associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing, anxiety-triggering stimuli

Question 71

Virtual reality exposure therapy

Answer 71

o Treats anxiety by creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

Question 72

Aversive conditioning

Answer 72

o Therapists gave people with a history of alcohol abuse a mixed drink containing alcohol and a drug that produces severe nausea.
o After repeated treatments, some people developed at least a temporary conditioned aversion to alcohol

Question 73

Operant conditioning therapies

Answer 73

consequences drive behavior

Question 74

Operant conditioning: Behavior modification

Answer 74

 The desired behavior is reinforced

 Undesired behavior is not reinforced and is sometimes ignored or punished

Question 75

Operant Conditioning: Token economy

Answer 75

 People earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for privileges or treats

Question 76

Insight Therapists

Answer 76

o Assume self-awareness and psychological well-being are complementary

Question 77

Psychodynamic therapist

Answer 77

o Expect people’s problems lessen insight into unresolved and unconscious tensions gained

Question 78

Humanistic therapists

Answer 78

o Expect people’s problems to lessen as they get in touch with their feelings

Question 79

Behavior Therapist

Answer 79

o Assume problem behaviors are the problems

Question 80

Cognitive therapies - lost job leading to no depression

Answer 80

o Internal beliefs; im worthless, it’s hopeless

Question 81

Cognitive therapies - lost job leading to no depression

Answer 81

o Internal beliefs; my boss is a jerk; I deserve something better

Question 82

Cognitive Therapies

Answer 82

o Teach people new, more adaptive ways of thinking

o Based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Question 83

Beck’s Therapy for depression

Answer 83

 Cognitive therapy
 Gentle questioning seeks to reveal irrational thinking and then to persuade people to change their perceptions of their own and others actions as dark, negative, and pessimistic
 People are trained to recognize and modify negative self-talk

Question 84

Cognitive Therapy techniques

Answer 84

• reveal beliefs
• test beliefs
• change beliefs

Question 85

Cognitive-Behavioral therapy

Answer 85

 Integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Question 86

What does cognitive-behavioral therapy aim to do?

Answer 86

 Aims to alter the way they act and the way they think

 Helps people learn to make more realistic appraisals

Question 87

Group therapy is conducted with?

Answer 87

 Conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interactions

Question 88

Group Therapy is often used when?

Answer 88

 Client problems involve interactions with others

Question 89

Family therapy treats?

Answer 89

• the family as a system

Question 90

Family therapy views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as?

Answer 90

 Influenced by, or directed at, other family members

Question 91

Family therapy often acts as what kind of therapy?

Answer 91

 As a preventive mental health strategy
 Therapists helps family members understand how their ways of relating to one another create problems
 Treatment’s emphasis is not on changing the individuals, but on changing their relationship and interactions

Question 92

Biomedical therapies

Answer 92

o Therapy in which a trained therapist, most often a medical doctor, offers medications and other biological treatments

Question 93

Eclectic approach

Answer 93

uses blend of therapies

Question 94

Clients’ perceptions

Answer 94

o Client self-reports indicate that psychotherapy is effective

Question 95

Critics of client self-reports

Answer 95

o Clients may need to justify their investment of effort and money
o Clients generally speak in positive terms of their therapists
o Clients often enter therapy in crisis

Question 96

Clinicians’ perceptions

Answer 96

o Therapists are most aware of the failure of other therapists

Question 97

Outcome research: With or without psychotherapy and after extensive research review

Answer 97

• people improved noticeable over time

- those not undergoing therapy often improve, but those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve

Question 98

Drug Therapies

Answer 98

o Which is the most widely used biomedical treatments?
 Drug therapies
o Include prescribed antidepressants for 27 million americans
o Involve placebo and double-blind tecniques to evaluate drug effectiveness

Question 99

Brain stimulation

Answer 99

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Question 100

Alternative neurostimulations therapies

Answer 100

 Vagus nerve stimulation
 Deep brain stimulation
 Repetitive transcranial meagnetic stimulations (rTMS)

Question 101

Vagus nerve stimulations

Answer 101

 Stimulates neck nerve that sends signals to limbic system

 Increases available serotonin by increasing firing rate of some neurons

Question 102

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Answer 102

 Sends magnetic energy to brain surface through coiled wire held close to brain
 Fewer side effects
 Modest effectiveness

Question 103

Deep brain stimulations

Answer 103

 Manipulates depressed brain via pacemaker

 Stimulates inhibition activity related to negative emotions and thoughts

Question 104

Psychosurgery

Answer 104

 Involves surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
 Is irreversible
 Is the leased used biomedical therapy

Question 105

Lobotomy

Answer 105

 Psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollable emotional or violent patients
 Procedure cut the nerve connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain (moniz)
 Today less invasive techniques are used
 MRI-guided surgery in severe disorders

Question 106

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Answer 106

o Manipulates the brain by shocking it
o Involves administration of a general anesthetic and muscle relaxation to prevent convulsions
o Causes less memory disruption than earlier versions
o Reduces suicidal thouhgts

Question 107

Behavior therapies work best for what particular problems?

Answer 107

o Bed-wetting, phobias, compulsions, marital problems, and sexual dysfunctions

Question 108

Psychodynamic therapy works best for what particular problems?

Answer 108

• Depression and anxiety

Question 109

Cognitive therapies works best for what particular problems?

Answer 109

Anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 110

Two key elements (referring to the therapist-client relationship) in effective therapy>

Answer 110

Trust and?

Question 111

Three basic benefits for all psychotherapies

Answer 111

o Hope for demoralized people
o A new perspective for oneself and the world
o An empathic, trusting, caring relationship

Question 112

Therapeutic lifestyle change

Answer 112

o Training seminars

o 12-week training with the following goals

Question 113

Preventing psychological disorders

Answer 113

resilience

prevention

Question 114

Resilience

Answer 114

 involves personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and trauma
 can be seen in New Yorkers after 9/11, spinal cord injury patients, holocauset survivors, and others

Question 115

Prevention

Answer 115

 through identification and elimination of conditions that cause psychological casualties
 through support of programs and providers that control or eliminate stress

Question 116

Social Psychology

Answer 116

o Studies how we think about our social world, how other people influence our behavior, and how we relate toward other people
o “hes been under a lot of stress lately” “he honly thinks about himself. What a jerk!” depending on which attribution she makes for her husband’s outburst, this woman may respond with understanding or anger

Question 117

Social psychologists

Answer 117

o use scientific methods to study how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
o study social forces that explain why people act differently in different situations

Question 118

Personality psychologists

Answer 118

o Study personal traits and processes that explain why individuals may act differently in a given situation

Question 119

Attribution

Answer 119

o An explanation (social psychology for a person’s behavior)

Question 120

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 120

o the tendency, when analyzing others behavior, to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the effects of the situation
o most likely to occur when a stranger acts badly
o has real-life and social consequences

Question 121

Example of fundamental attribution error

Answer 121

o Driving to school one snowy day, marco narrowly misses a car that slides through a red light. “Slow down! What a terrible driver,” he thinks to himself. Moments later, marco himself slips through an intersection and yelps, “wow! These roads are awful. The city plows need to get out here.”

Question 122

Attitude most influences behavior when?

Answer 122

o External influences are minimal
o The attitude is stable
o The attitude is specific to the behavior
o The attitude is easily recalled

Question 123

Self-serving Bias

Answer 123

o people’s tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors.
o a common type of cognitive bias that has been extensively studied in social psychology

Question 124

How prejudiced are people?

Answer 124

o Open prejudice lessens; subtle prejudice lingers

o Can be automatic and unconscious

Question 125

Stereotype

Answer 125

o Rationalize inequalities
o gays and lesbians cannot comfortably be themselves
o fathers are percieved as more intelligent than mothers
o more women live in poverty; 163 million “missing women”

Question 126

Reasons stereotype are harmful?

Answer 126

 They reduce one’s ability to treat each member of a group as individual
 They lead to narrow expectations for behavior
 They lead to faulty attributions
• Attribution theory
• Automatic prejudice

Question 127

Conformity

Answer 127

o Conformity - Chartrand and colleagues (1999)
 Demonstrated chameleon effect with college students
 Automatic mimicry helps people to empathize and feel what others feel
 The more we mimic, the greater our empathy, and the more people tend to like us

Question 128

People are more likely to conform when they?

Answer 128

 Are made to feel incompetent or insecure
 Are in a group in which everyone else agrees
 Admire the group’s status and attractiveness
 Have not already committed to any response
 Know that others in the group will observe our behavior
 Are from a culture that strongly encourages respect for social standards

Question 129

Foot-in-the-door technique

Answer 129

o attitudes follow behavior
o people agreeing to a small request will find it easier to later agree to a larger one
o principle works for negative and positive behavior
o cooperative actions, performed by people on sports teams feed mutual liking. Such attitudes promote positive behavior

Question 130

groupthink

Answer 130

o mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
o escalation of Vietnam war; chernobyl nuclear reactor accident; us space shuttle challenger explosion; wmd in Iraq

Question 131

group polarization

Answer 131

o if a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens existing opinions
o racial issues: increaserd prejudice in a high-prejudice group of high school students and decreased in a low-prejudice group

Question 132

deindividuation

Answer 132

o a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in a group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
o thrives in many different settings
o during england’s 2011 riots and looting, rioters were disinhibited by social arousal and by the anonymity provided by darkness and their hoods and masks. Later, some of those arrested expressed bewilderment over their own behavior

Question 133

social loafing

Answer 133

o the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
o individuals free ride on the efforts of others

Question 134

automatic prejudice

Answer 134

o implicit racial associations
o race-influenced perceptions
o reflexive bodily response

Question 135

Implicit racial associations

Answer 135

negative associations linked to the denial of racial prejudice

Question 136

race-influenced perceptions

Answer 136

perceptions influenced by expectations

Question 137

reflexive bodily responses

Answer 137

telltale signs of selective body responses to another person’s race

Question 138

altruism

Answer 138

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

Question 139

the bystander effect

Answer 139

o when people thought they alone heard the calls for help from a person they believed to be having an epiliptic seizure, they usually helped
o but when they thought four others were also present a third responded

Question 140

Bystander intervention - necessary conditions

Answer 140

• (darley and latane)
   notice incident
   interpret event as emergency
   assume responsibility for helping

Question 141

Flow

Answer 141

o also known as zone, is the mental state of operation in which a person performing an activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and enjoyment in the process of the activity.
o characterized by complete absorption in what one does

Question 142

Industrial-organization psychology

Answer 142

is the scientific study of human behavior in the workplace and applies psychological theories and principles to organization

Question 143

Frustration-aggression principle

Answer 143

o frustration creates anger, which can spark aggression

o adversive events

Question 144

Conformity experiment

Answer 144

o Asch’s experiment: agreeing or disagreeing with the responses of other group members

Question 145

Obedience Studies

Answer 145

o Stanley milgram investigated the effects of punishment on learning
o Experiments involved commnands to shock someone using up to a 450 vold final level
o More than 60% followed orders

Question 146

Milgram’s research: obedience was highest when?

Answer 146

o The person giving orders was in close proximity and perceived as a legitimate authority fiture
o The authority figure was supported by a well-known institution
o The victim was depersonalized or at a distance
o No models existed for defiance

Question 147

Lessons from the conformity and obedience studies

Answer 147

o Strong social influences can make people conform to falsehoods or give in to curelty
o Social control and personal control interact
o Minority influence is most effective if a position is taken firmly

Question 148

What do we mean by attractive?

Answer 148

o The answers varies by culture and over time. Some adult physical features, such as a youthful form and face, seem attractive everywhere

Question 149

Factors in attraction

Answer 149

proximity
similarity
reciprocity of liking
intimacy

Question 150

similarity

Answer 150

people are often attracted to others who are similar to themselves

Question 151

proximity

Answer 151

we tend to interact most with people who are physically closer

Question 152

reciprocity of liking

Answer 152

 A tendency to like those who like us

 Knowing that someone evaulates us positively promotes our attraction to that person

Question 153

intimacy

Answer 153

 Self-disclosure of personal information – based on trust, and pacing is important

Question 154

Passionate love

Answer 154

o Two-factor theory of emotioni

o Sexual desire + a growing attachment = the passion of romantic love

Question 155

Sternberg’s triangular theory of love

Answer 155

o Love consists of 3 parts (consummate love)
o Decision/commitment
o Intimacy
o passion

Question 156

Cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 156

o Explains the tendency of attitudes to sometimes shift to be consistent with behavior
o Smoking even though one knows it harmful

Question 157

Dissonance

Answer 157

we act to reduce the discomfort

Question 158

Cognition

Answer 158

We feel when two of our thoughts clash

Question 159

Cognitive dissonance: relief from tension

Answer 159

o We act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts clash
o Brain regions become active when people experience cognitive dissonance
o Through cognitive dissonance we often bring attitudes into lijne with our actions (festinger)

Question 160

Prejudice

Answer 160

o Prejudgement
o An unfair negative attitude towaqrd some group
o Often targets different cultural, ethnic, or gender groups

Question 161

Prejudice components

Answer 161

o Beliefs
o Emotions
o Predispositions to action (to discriminate)

Question 162

Prejudice is…to discrimination is…

Answer 162

o Negative attitude to negative behavior

Question 163

Combating prejudice

Answer 163

o Recognize prejudice
o Control automatic prejudice
o Increase contact among prejudice groups:
 Groups should be equal in status
 View each other as typical of their repective groups
 Cooperative rather than competitive tasks
 Contact should be informal

Question 164

Promoting peace

Answer 164

o Research indicates that in some cases contact and cooperation can be transformational

Question 165

Promoting peace - contact

Answer 165

 Most effective when contact is free of competition and equal status exists
 Contact is not always enough

Question 166

Promoting peace - cooperation

Answer 166

 Cooperative contact, not conflict alone, reduced conflict
 Cooperative learning can maintain or enhance student achievement
 Apply to activities focused on making friends or former enemies

Question 167

Industrial-organization psychologists focus

Answer 167

 Identify training and development needs;
 Design and optimize job and work and quality of work life;
 Formulate and implement training programs and evaluate their effectiveness;
 Coach employees;
 Develop criteria to evaluate performance of individuals and organizations; and
 Assess consumer preferences, customer satisfaction and market strategies.

Question 168

Pyschological Disorders

Answer 168

 A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in a person’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

Question 169

1. Sam’s friends are starting to worry about him. Normally energetic and fun-loving, Sam has become withdrawn and sullen. He has lost weight, is constantly tired, and hasn’t been showing up to lacross practice or to his fraternity meetings. In his conversations with others, he expresses feelings of doubt and unworthiness, and seems to be entertaining suicidal thoughts.

Answer 169

Major Depressive Disorder

Question 170

2. Frank awoke one morning and suddenly realized that he had another name and a family in another state. He had no idea how he came to be living his present life.

Answer 170

Dissociative Fugue

Question 171

3. Jean sometimes stays in one position for long periods of time, is withdrawn from others, and tends to exhibit odd behaviors.

Answer 171

Schizophrenia

Question 172

4. Because Amy feels “dirty” a lot of the time, she spends much of her day at the sink, washing and rewashing her hands hundreds of times until they are red and raw.

Answer 172

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Question 173

5. While teaching her class one day, Theresa suddenly begins having difficulty breathing. Her heart starts pounding wildly, and she feels weak and dizzy. She feels as if she’s having a heart attack and is honestly afraid that she’s going to die in the next minute or two. (Assume Theresa is not having a heart attack.)

Answer 173

Panic attack Disorder

Question 174

6. Shannon’s moods seem to swing abruptly, and she often seems unable to control her impulses. She has had many sexual encounters and often complains of boredom, though she is seldom alone and often caught up in very intense, stormy relationships. Her friends are on edge around her because of her Jekyll-Hyde behavior.

Answer 174

Borderline Personality Disorder

Question 175

7. Although Karina was not personally injured in the earthquake, the experience was a terrifying one and her house was badly damaged. She has frequent nightmares about earthquakes, and even when awake she sometimes gets flashes as if she’s reliving the experience. The slightest noise or movement around her causes her heart to pound rapidly.

Answer 175

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Question 176

8. Matthew, although a good-looking guy, is so preoccupied with what he thinks is his large, unsightly nose that he is unable to realistically evaluate his own looks and often talks with his hand in front of his face. He will likely have plastic surgery some day.

Answer 176

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Question 177

9. For over six months now, Julie can’t stop herself from worrying about everything, and complains of headaches, heart palpitations, and insomnia. She’s constantly fretting about something.

Answer 177

Generalized Anxiety Disorder