Chapters 12 13 14 Flashcards
Defining Psychological disorder Culture and Time
Diagnosis of specific disorders has varied from culture to culture and overtime in the same culture
Understanding Psychological Disorders - Middle Ages
Wide variety of therapies (often cruel or barbaric) used to drive out demons or modify madness
Understanding Psychological Disorders - Philippe Pinel
Opposed brutal treatment and proposed moral treament
Viewed madness as a sickness of mind caused by severe stress and inhumane treatment
Sponsored patient dances “lunatic balls”
Understanding Psychological Disorders - The medical Model
1800s: search for physical causes of mental disorders and for curative treatment
mental illness is diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and cured through therapy, including treatment
Understanding Psychological Disorders - The biopsychosocial Model
General approach positing that biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors, all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness
Classification in psychiatry and psychology
Provides name and description
Attempts to predict the future of a disorder
Suggests treatment
DSM - 5
American Psychiatric Association’s 2013 Diagnositc and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
Personality disorder
o Inflexible and enduring behavior pattern that impairs social functioning
o May include withdrawal or avoidance of social contact, insecurity, instability, or manipulative behaviors
Insanity
o mental illness of such a severe nature that a person cannot distinguish fantasy from reality, cannot conduct her/his affairs due to psychosis, or is subject to uncontrollable impulsive behavior.
Hallucination
o perceiving things in the absence of stimulation
o perceiving things that are not really there.
o Can be false or distorted, but seem very real and vivid to the person experiencing it
o can involve any of the senses including vision, hearing, smell, touch, taste and movement
o different things that may cause hallucinations including substance abuse and schizophrenia.
Delusions
o False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany schizophrenia and other disorders
Obsessions
o Unwanted repetitive thoughts (OCD)
Compulsions
o Unwanted repetitive actions (OCD)
Comorbidity
- the presence of one or more additional disorders (or diseases) co-occurring with a primary disease or disorder
- or the effect of such additional disorders or diseases
- The additional disorder may also be a behavioral or mental disorder.
Autism spectrum Disorder
o a serious neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs a child’s ability to communicate and interact with others
o includes restricted repetitive behaviors, interests and activities.
o These issues cause significant impairment in social, occupational and other areas of functioning.
o Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is now defined by the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a single disorder that includes disorders that were previously considered separate — autism, Asperger’s syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive developmental disord
NSSI
o Nonsuicidal self-injury
o Includes cutting, burning, and hitting oneself, pulling out hair, inserting objects under the nails or skin and self-administered tattooing
o People engange in NSSI to
Gain relief from intense negative thoughts through the distraction of pain
Ask for help and gain attention
Relieve guilt by self-punishment
Get others to change their negative behavior (bullying, criticism)
Fit in with a peer group
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
o Positive in a sense that inappropriate behaviors are present
o May laugh or cry or las out in rage at inappropriate times
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
o Toneless voices, expressionless faces, or mute and rigid bodies
o Negative in a the sense that actions or feelings are absent when you might expect them to be present
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
o Disorganized speech
o Disturbed perceptions
o Diminished and inappropriate emotions and actions
Tardive dyskinesia
o A neurological syndrome characterized by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements caused by the long-term use of certain drugs called neuroleptics used for psychiatric, gastrointestinal, and neurological disorders.
Resilience
o an individual’s ability to properly adapt to stress and adversity
o Stress and adversity can come in the shape of family or relationship problems, health problems, or workplace and financial stressors, among others.
Eclectic therapeutic approach
o Selecting a mixture of what appears to be best of various doctrines, methods or styles.
o therapist chooses interventions because they work, without looking for a theoretical basis for using the technique.
o Eclectic practitioners are not bound by the theories or methodology of any one particular school
o use what they believe or feel or experience tells them will work best, either in general, or to suit the immediate needs of individual clients
Continuity Hypothesis
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“A warm continuous relationship with the mother or permanant mother substitute is essential for healthy attachment to occur, as it gives individuals a ‘working model’ about how relationships function”
ADHD
- Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder
- 11% of american 4 – 17 yrs old diagnosed
- extreme inattention, heperactivity and impulsivity
- 2.5% have ADHD sympstoms