Chapters 3-5 Flashcards
Is classical conditioning voluntary or involuntary?
Classical conditioning is involuntary.
Avoiding a consequence is ____.
Negative reinforcement.
Sensation is the activation of receptors located in…
The eyes, the ears, the skin, the nasal cavities, and the tongue.
What is Webbers law of just noticeable differences?
A point at which a stimulus is detectable half of the time it’s present.
What is absolute threshold?
The smallest amount of energy that causes conscious detection 50% of the time.
Example: the ticking of a clock, candlelight. Perfume. Sugars in food.
What is stimuli just below our level of conscious awareness?
Subliminal messages.
When the brain stops responding to constant unchanging stimuli it becomes a….
Habit.
Detects changes in brightness and functions best in low light
Rods.
Sensitive to color and works best and bright light and is also responsible for the sharpness of information.
Cones.
The trichromatic theory suggests that ….
We only see in combinations of red blue and green.
The opponent process theory suggests that…
Color perception is controlled by the activity of two opponent systems: blue yellow mechanism and a red green mechanism.
In color blindness you see..
No color at all.
With color deficiency you have…
Limited color perception.
What are the three sound aspects of hearing?
Pitch (frequency), loudness, and timbre (purity).
What is the place theory of sound?
It states that the location of the hair cells inside of her ear correspond to different pitches of sound.
What is the frequency theory of sound?
The speed in which the membranes in our ear respond to pitches of sound.
What is olfaction?
Sense of smell.
What is gustation?
Our sense of taste.
The gestalt principle states that…
The whole is bigger than the sum of its parts.
Depth perception is the ability to…
See in 3-D.
The tendency to perceive objects or situations in a particular way because of past experiences is known as..
Perceptual set or expectancy.
Using pre-existing knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole is known as…
Top down processing.
Analyzing smaller features, building up into a complete perception is known as..
Bottom up processing.
Perceptions that do not correspond to reality or are extortions of visual stimuli are…
Illusions.
A person’s awareness of everything that is going on at any given moment is…
Consciousness.
Shifts in the quality or pattern of mental activity are known as.
Altered states.
What theory states that sleep provides the body an opportunity to restore chemicals that have been depleted during the day as well as the growth and repair of cellular tissue?
The restorative theory.
The sleep wake cycle is…
A circadian rhythm.
The adaptive theory of sleep is…
Is the theory that sleep is a product of evolution.
What sleep stage has light sleep, vivid visual events, are unaware of sleep, and hypnic jerks?
Stage one.
In what stage does body temperature cool, heart rate slow, breathing begins to become slow and irregular?
Stage two.
In what stage(s) of sleep is it hard to awaken, is known for deep sleep, has confusion when awoken, and is known for REM?
Stages three and four.
How many times does the REM cycle of sleep occur each night?
4 to 5.
And what stage of sleep does sleepwalking and sleep talking occur?
Stage four.
What are the six different sleep disorders?
Night terrors, nightmares, insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy and REM behavior disorder.
What is sleep apnea?
When someone never gets the REM cycle of sleep.
What is REM behavior disorder?
When sleepwalking and violence trashes occur because paralysis doesn’t set in
What psychologist was obsessed with sleep and came up with a theory of why we dream?
Freud.
What is the manifest content of a dream?
The actual content of the dream.
What is the latent content of a dream?
The symbolism or hidden meaning of a dream.
What is the purpose of a psychoactive drug?
To alter thinking, perception and memory.
What psycho active drugs are known to be stimulants?
Nicotine, crystal meth, and natural cocaine.
What types of psychoactive drugs are known to be depressants?
Alcohol and Valium.
What type of psychoactive drugs are known to be narcotics?
Opium, morphine and heroin.
What psychoactive drugs are known to be hallucinogenic’s?
LSD, PCP, ecstasy and natural marijuana.
Behaviorism is what perspective?
The learning perspective.
Learning that elicits an involuntary reflex response to stimulus other than the original natural stimulus that normally proceeds a reflex.
Classical conditioning.
Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli
Conditioned emotional responses.
What is the classical conditioning of a reflex, response, or emotion by watching the reaction of another person?
Vicarious conditioning.
What is any behavior that is voluntary?
Operant conditioning.
Primary reinforcers are…
Naturally reinforcing and meet a basic biological need (food, sleep, shelter)
Is operant conditioning voluntary or involuntary?
It is voluntary.
