chapters 3, 4, & 5

Question 1

cohesion

Answer 1

hydrogen holds water molecules together

Question 2

surface tension

Answer 2

measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

Question 3

adhesion

Answer 3

attraction between different substances

Question 4

moderation of temperature by water

Answer 4

water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air

Question 5

specific heat

Answer 5

amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change temperature by 1 C

Question 6

water’s high specific heat traced to hydrogen bonding

Answer 6

-heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break
-heat is released when hydrogen bonds form

Question 7

floating of ice on liquid water

Answer 7

water is less dense a solid than a liquid

Question 8

evaporation

Answer 8

transformation of a substance from liquid to gas

Question 9

3 states of matter

Answer 9

liquid, solid, gas

Question 10

solvent

Answer 10

dissolving agent of a solution

Question 11

solution

Answer 11

liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture of substances

Question 12

solute

Answer 12

substance that is dissolved

Question 13

aqueous solution

Answer 13

when water is the solvent

Question 14

transport

Answer 14

water transport molecules dissolved in it

Question 15

example of cohesion

Answer 15

transports water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants

Question 16

example of adhesion

Answer 16

raindrops (sticking to the plant cell walls)

Question 17

hydrocarbons

Answer 17

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Question 18

isomers

Answer 18

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

Question 19

structural isomers

Answer 19

different arrangements of their atoms

Question 20

cis-trans isomers

Answer 20

same covalent bonds but differ in their spatial arrangements

Question 21

enantiomers

Answer 21

isomers that are mirror images of each other

Question 22

enantiomers as pharmaceutical drugs

Answer 22

-2 enantiomers may have different effects
-only 1 enantiomer is biologically active

Question 23

functional groups

Answer 23

components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

Question 24

hydroxyl

Answer 24

converts organic compounds into alcohol

Question 25

carbonyl

Answer 25

destabilizes the bonds within the carbon chain

Question 26

carboxyl

Answer 26

acts as acids & requires less energy (more stable)

Question 27

amino group

Answer 27

critical to building all the proteins

Question 28

sulfhydryl group

Answer 28

describes the general role of proteins in membrane functions

Question 29

phosphate group

Answer 29

provides energy for moving muscles

Question 30

methyl group

Answer 30

translocating entire functional group to another compound

Question 31

seven functional groups

Answer 31

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, sulfhydryl, amino, phosphate, methyl

Question 32

monomers

Answer 32

building blocks of macromolecules

Question 33

monosaccharides

Answer 33

carbohydrates

Question 34

amino acids

Answer 34

proteins

Question 35

fatty acids

Answer 35

lipids

Question 36

nucleotides

Answer 36

DNA

Question 37

polymer

Answer 37

long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

Question 38

dehydration reaction

Answer 38

occurs when 2 monomers bond together through the loss of water molecule

Question 39

hydrolysis

Answer 39

reaction that reverses the dehydration reaction

Question 40

carbohydrates

Answer 40

includes sugars and polymers of sugars

Question 41

polysaccharides

Answer 41

polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

Question 42

example of polysaccharides

Answer 42

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Question 43

examples of sugars

Answer 43

glucose, monosaccharides,

Question 44

starch

Answer 44

storage of plants (consists of glucose monomers)

Question 45

glycogen

Answer 45

storage of animals (stored in liver and muscle cells)

Question 46

cellulose

Answer 46

component of tough wall of plant cells

Question 47

chitin

Answer 47

found in exoskeleton of arthropods

Question 48

saturated fats

Answer 48

maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds (most animals fats made up of)

Question 48

unsaturated fats

Answer 48

have one or more double bonds (plants and fish)

Question 49

phospholipid structure

Answer 49

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol

Question 50

phospholipid function

Answer 50

barrier to protect the cell against various environmental insults

Question 51

4 levels of protein structure

Answer 51

1. unique sequence of amino acids 2.consists of coils and folds in polypeptide chain 3. interactions among various side chains 4. proteins consists of multiple polypeptide chains

Question 52

primary structure

Answer 52

unique sequence of amino acids

Question 53

secondary structure

Answer 53

found in most proteins, consists of coils (helix) and folds in the polypeptide (pleated sheet)

Question 54

tertiary structure

Answer 54

determined by interactions among various side chains

Question 55

quaternary structure

Answer 55

results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains

Question 56

denaturation

Answer 56

loss of a proteins native structure

Question 57

DNA structure

Answer 57

backbone runs 5-3 direction AT & GC

Question 58

RNA structure

Answer 58

(single stranded) 3-5 direction AU & GC (T is replaced with U)