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bio final > chapters 3, 4, & 5 > Flashcards

chapters 3, 4, & 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cohesion

A

hydrogen holds water molecules together

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2
Q

surface tension

A

measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

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3
Q

adhesion

A

attraction between different substances

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4
Q

moderation of temperature by water

A

water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air

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5
Q

specific heat

A

amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change temperature by 1 C

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6
Q

water’s high specific heat traced to hydrogen bonding

A

-heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break
-heat is released when hydrogen bonds form

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7
Q

floating of ice on liquid water

A

water is less dense a solid than a liquid

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8
Q

evaporation

A

transformation of a substance from liquid to gas

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9
Q

3 states of matter

A

liquid, solid, gas

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10
Q

solvent

A

dissolving agent of a solution

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11
Q

solution

A

liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture of substances

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12
Q

solute

A

substance that is dissolved

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13
Q

aqueous solution

A

when water is the solvent

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14
Q

transport

A

water transport molecules dissolved in it

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15
Q

example of cohesion

A

transports water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants

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16
Q

example of adhesion

A

raindrops (sticking to the plant cell walls)

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17
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

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18
Q

isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

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19
Q

structural isomers

A

different arrangements of their atoms

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20
Q

cis-trans isomers

A

same covalent bonds but differ in their spatial arrangements

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21
Q

enantiomers

A

isomers that are mirror images of each other

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22
Q

enantiomers as pharmaceutical drugs

A

-2 enantiomers may have different effects
-only 1 enantiomer is biologically active

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23
Q

functional groups

A

components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

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24
Q

hydroxyl

A

converts organic compounds into alcohol

25
Q

carbonyl

A

destabilizes the bonds within the carbon chain

26
Q

carboxyl

A

acts as acids & requires less energy (more stable)

27
Q

amino group

A

critical to building all the proteins

28
Q

sulfhydryl group

A

describes the general role of proteins in membrane functions

29
Q

phosphate group

A

provides energy for moving muscles

30
Q

methyl group

A

translocating entire functional group to another compound

31
Q

seven functional groups

A

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, sulfhydryl, amino, phosphate, methyl

32
Q

monomers

A

building blocks of macromolecules

33
Q

monosaccharides

A

carbohydrates

34
Q

amino acids

A

proteins

35
Q

fatty acids

A

lipids

36
Q

nucleotides

A

DNA

37
Q

polymer

A

long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

38
Q

dehydration reaction

A

occurs when 2 monomers bond together through the loss of water molecule

39
Q

hydrolysis

A

reaction that reverses the dehydration reaction

40
Q

carbohydrates

A

includes sugars and polymers of sugars

41
Q

polysaccharides

A

polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

42
Q

example of polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

43
Q

examples of sugars

A

glucose, monosaccharides,

44
Q

starch

A

storage of plants (consists of glucose monomers)

45
Q

glycogen

A

storage of animals (stored in liver and muscle cells)

46
Q

cellulose

A

component of tough wall of plant cells

47
Q

chitin

A

found in exoskeleton of arthropods

48
Q

saturated fats

A

maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
(most animals fats made up of)

48
Q

unsaturated fats

A

have one or more double bonds
(plants and fish)

49
Q

phospholipid structure

A

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol

50
Q

phospholipid function

A

barrier to protect the cell against various environmental insults

51
Q

4 levels of protein structure

A
  1. unique sequence of amino acids
    2.consists of coils and folds in polypeptide chain
  2. interactions among various side chains
  3. proteins consists of multiple polypeptide chains
52
Q

primary structure

A

unique sequence of amino acids

53
Q

secondary structure

A

found in most proteins, consists of coils (helix) and folds in the polypeptide (pleated sheet)

54
Q

tertiary structure

A

determined by interactions among various side chains

55
Q

quaternary structure

A

results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains

56
Q

denaturation

A

loss of a proteins native structure

57
Q

DNA structure

A

backbone runs 5-3 direction
AT & GC

58
Q

RNA structure

A

(single stranded)
3-5 direction
AU & GC
(T is replaced with U)

bio final (3 decks)

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