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bio final > chapters 16,17, & 6 > Flashcards

chapters 16,17, & 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA base pairing

A

A (adenine) & T (thymine)
C (cytosine) & G (guanine)

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2
Q

griffith et al transformation experiment

A

(1928)
-worked with 2 strains of bacterium (one pathogenic one harmless)
-when he mixed head killed, remains of pathogenic strain with living cells of the harmless strain, some living cells became pathogenic

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3
Q

pathogenic

A

causes a disease

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3
Q

transformation

A

change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of foreign DNA

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3
Q

single strand binding proteins

A

bind to and stabilize single strand DNA

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3
Q

hershey and chase

A

used bacteriophages (viruses capable of infecting bacteria) to determine whether genes were made of proteins or DNA
-concluded the injected DNA of the phage provides the genetic information

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4
Q

DNA replication

A

copying of DNA

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4
Q

helicases

A

enzymes that untwists the double helix at replication forks

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4
Q

replication fork

A

y shaped region where parental DNA strands are being unwound

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5
Q

steps of DNA replication

A
  1. parental molecule
  2. separates and untwists into templates
  3. proteins bind to single strands
  4. strands rejoin (nucleotides match up)
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6
Q

primer

A

initial nucleotide chain

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6
Q

topoisomerase

A

relieves the strain of twisting of the double helix by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

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7
Q

primase

A

synthesized by the enzyme

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8
Q

DNA strand start and finish

A

starts 5-3
ends 3-5

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9
Q

DNA polymerase

A

catalyze the synthesis of new DNA at replication fork

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10
Q

leading strand

A

moving toward the replication fork

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11
Q

lagging strand

A

DNA polymerase must work in the direction away from replication fork

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12
Q

DNA ligase

A

fills in gaps in DNA when DNA is synthesized

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13
Q

DNA polymerase 2

A

using parental DNA strand adding nucleotides to RNA primer (pre existing DNA strand)

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14
Q

DNA polymerase 1

A

removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5 end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides to 3 end of strand

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15
Q

okazaki fragments

A

synthesis of lagging strand during DNA replication

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16
Q

central dogma

A

cells are governed by a cellular chain of command

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17
Q

transcribe DNA to RNA

A

RNA polymerase uses DNA as a template to produce pre-mRNA
pre-mRNA processed to form mRNA
(triplet code: 3 nucleotide words)

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18
Q

transcription

A

synthesis of RNA using information in DNA

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19
Q

mRNA

A

transcription produced

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20
Q

translation

A

synthesis of polypeptide, using information in the mRNA

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21
Q

ribosomes

A

sites of translation

22
Q

codons

A

mRNA base triplets
reads in 5-3 direction

23
Q

promoter

A

DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches

24
Q

terminator

A

sequence signaling end of transcription

25
Q

initiation in transcription

A
  1. promoters signal start point and extend nucleotide pairs to the start point
  2. transcription factors help the binding of RNA polymerase
  3. RNA polymerase 2 binds to a promoter called transcription initiation complex
26
Q

elongation

A
  1. RNA moves along DNA, it untwists the double helix 10-20 nucleotides at a time
  2. nucleotides are added to 3’ end of growing RNA molecule
27
Q

termination in bacteria

A

polymerase stops at the end of the terminator and the mRNA can be translated without further modification

28
Q

termination in eukaryotes

A

RNA polymerase 2 transcribes the signal sequence and releases 10-35 nucleotides past it

29
Q

eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription

A

(dispatched to the cytoplasm) both ends of primary transcript are altered & spliced together

30
Q

alteration of mRNA ends

A

-end receives a modified 5’ cap
-3’ end gets a poly a tail
(helps ribosomes attach)

31
Q

RNA splicing

A

long noncoding nucleotides are removed

32
Q

introns

A

noncoding segments in a gene (intervening sequences)

33
Q

exons

A

eventually expressed & translated into amino acid sequences

34
Q

spilceosomes

A

proteins and small RNAs that recognize splice sites

35
Q

transfer RNA

A

cell translates mRNA message into protein

36
Q

amino acids get added onto tRNAs

A

active site matches tRNA to amino acid (lock and key)
then ATP is used to attach amino acid to tRNA

37
Q

translation initiation

A
  1. small ribosomal subunit binds with mrRNA and tRNA
  2. tRNA carries amino acid
  3. small subunit moves along mRNA until it reaches start codon (AUG)
  4. initiation factors bring in large subunit
38
Q

translation elongation

A
  1. amino acids are added one by one to the C terminus of growing chain
    (moves in 5’- 3’ direction)
  2. ribosome and mRNA move relative to each other, codon by codon
  3. empty tRNAs released from E site return to cytoplasm & reloaded with amino acid
39
Q

translation termination

A
  1. elongation continues until stop codon in mRNA reaches A site
  2. A site accepts protein (release factor)
  3. adds a water molecule instead of amino acid
  4. releases polypeptide
40
Q

organelles

A

membrane enclosed structures

41
Q

nucleus

A

contains most of cells genes
-has membranes and pores

42
Q

ribosomes

A

rRNA and proteins
builds proteins in 2 locations:
1. cytosol
2. outside of ER or nuclear envelope

43
Q

nuceololus

A

site of rRNA synthesis

44
Q

smooth ER

A

-synthesizes lipids
-detoxifies drugs and poisons
-stores calcium ions

45
Q

rough ER

A

-studded ribosomes which secrete glycoproteins
-distributes transport vesicles surrounded by membranes
-membrane factory for the cell

46
Q

golgi

A

-modifies products of ER
-manufactures certain macromolecules
-sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

47
Q

lysosome

A

-digests macromolecules
-fuses with food vacuole
-uses enzymes to recycle the cells own organelles and macromolecules

48
Q

vacuoles

A

-large vesicles derived from ER and Golgi
-formed by phagocytosis
-found in freshwater protists (pump out excess water from cells)
-found in mature plant cells

49
Q

mitochondria

A

sites of cellular respiration that uses oxygen to generate ATP, cristae and matrix

50
Q

chloroplasts

A

found in plants and algae
-sites of photosynthesis
-contains chlorophyll, thylakoids, stroma, granum

51
Q

peroxisomes

A

-uses oxygen to break fatty acids into small molecules (used for respiration)
-liver, detoxifies alcohol
-fat storing tissues of plant seeds, converts fatty acids to sugar

52
Q

endosymbiosis

A

early ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed an oxygen-using photosynthetic prokaryotic cell
-formed a relationship with host cell

53
Q

cilia & flagella

A

-microtubules project from cells
-many unicellular protist are propelled through water
-9 doublets of microtubules in a ring with 2 microtubules in the center
-basal body
-dynein

54
Q

microtubules

A

cell skeletons & determines shape of cells

55
Q

microfilaments

A

-solid rods & built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits
-support cells shape
-form a cortex inside plasma membrane
-bundles make up core of intestinal cells

56
Q

intermediate filaments

A

-range in diameter (8-12 nanometers)
-more permanent cytoskeleton
-support cells shape and fix organelles into place

57
Q

centrosome

A

membrane free organelles that serve as main microtubule organizing centers

58
Q

centriole

A

organizing microtubules that serve as cells skeletal system

59
Q

plasma membrane

A

selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

60
Q

cell wall

A

-extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells
-protects plant cell by maintaining shape & prevents excessive uptake of water
-made of cellulose fibers

61
Q

plasmodesmata

A

-channels that connect plant cells
-water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell

bio final (3 decks)

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