Chapters 3&4 Flashcards

1
Q

the fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same term in an argument

A

Equivocation

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2
Q

the use of a flawed analogy to argue for a conclusion

A

Faulty analogy

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3
Q

terms that often appear in arguments to signal the presence of a premise or conclusion, or to indicate that an argument is deductive or inductive

A

Indicator words

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4
Q

an argument that is supposed to offer probable support to its conclusion

A

Inductive argument

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5
Q

A deductive argument that fails to provide conclusive support for its conclusion.

A

Invalid argument

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6
Q

An argument of the form: If p, then q; not q; therefore, not p.

A

Modus tollens

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7
Q

An argument of the form: If p, then q; p; therefore q.

A

Modus ponens

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8
Q

the fallacy of relying on the opinion of someone thought to be an expert who is not

A

Appeal to authority

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9
Q

the fallacy of trying to convince someone to accept a conclusion by appealing only to fear, guilt, anger, hate, compassion, and the like

A

Appeal to emotion

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10
Q

the fallacy of arguing that the absence of evidence entitles us to believe a claim

A

Appeal to ignorance

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11
Q

The fallacy of arguing that a claim should be rejected solely because of the characteristics of the person who makes it

A

appeal to the person (ad hominem)

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12
Q

a group of statements, one of which is supposed to be supported by the rest

A

Argument

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13
Q

The fallacy of arguing in a circle - that is, trying to use a statement as both a premise in an argument and the conclusion of that argument. Such an argument says, in effect, p is true because p is true.

A

Begging the question

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14
Q

a strong argument with true premises

A

Cogent argument

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15
Q

the statement supported in an argument

A

Conclusion

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16
Q

A moral judgment that is as free from bias and distorting passions as possible. We generally trust such a judgment unless there is a reason to doubt it. Examples: “Equals should be treated equally” and “Slavery is wrong.”

A

Considered moral judgment

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17
Q

an argument that is supposed to give logically conclusive support to its conclusion

A

Deductive argument

18
Q

A common but faulty argument

A

Fallacy

19
Q

the fallacy of drawing a conclusion about an entire group of people or things based on an undersized sample of the group

A

Hasty generalization

20
Q

an argument of the form: If p, then q; if q, then r; therefore, if p, then r.

A

Hypothetical syllogism

21
Q

A statement affirming that an action is right or wrong or that a person (or one’s motive or character) is good or bad

A

Moral statement

22
Q

A statement that does not affirm that an action is right or wrong or that a person (or one’s motive or character) is good or bad

A

Nonmoral statement

23
Q

a supporting statement in an argument

A

Premise

24
Q

The fallacy of using dubious premises to argue that doing a particular action will inevitably lead to other actions that will result in disaster, so you should not do the first action

A

Slippery slope

25
Q

a valid argument with true premises

A

Sound argument

26
Q

An assertion that something is or is not the case. Also called a claim.

A

Statement

27
Q

the fallacy of misrepresenting someone’s claim or argument so it can be more easily refuted

A

Straw man

28
Q

an inductive argument that does in fact provide probable support for its conclusion

A

Strong argument

29
Q

a deductive argument that provides logically conclusive support for its conclusion

A

Valid argument

30
Q

an inductive argument that does not give probable support to the conclusion

A

Weak argument

31
Q

The theory that morally right actions are those that directly produce the greatest overall good, everyone considered.

A

Act Utilitarianism

32
Q

A command that we should follow regardless of our particular wants and needs; also, the single principle that defines Kant’s ethical system, from which all additional maxims can be derived

A

Categorical imperative

33
Q

a moral theory in which the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences or results

A

consequentialist theory

34
Q

a theory asserting that the morally right action is the one that produces the most favorable balance of good over evil for oneself

A

Ethical egoism

35
Q

a theory asserting that the morally right action is the one done in accordance with the categorical imperative

A

Kants theory

36
Q

An explanation of why an action is right or wrong or why a person or a person’s character is good or bad.

A

Moral theory

37
Q

a theory asserting that the morally right action is the one that follows the dictates of nature

A

Natural law theory

38
Q

a moral theory asserting that the rightness of an action does not depend on its consequences

A

nonconsequentialist theory

39
Q

The theory that the morally right action is the one covered by a rule that if generally followed would produce the most favorable balance of good over evil, everyone considered

A

Rule Utilitarianism

40
Q

a theory asserting that the morally right action is the one that produces the most favorable balance of good over evil, everyone considered

A

Utilitarianism