Chapters 3&4

Question 1

the fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same term in an argument

Answer 1

Equivocation

Question 2

the use of a flawed analogy to argue for a conclusion

Answer 2

Faulty analogy

Question 3

terms that often appear in arguments to signal the presence of a premise or conclusion, or to indicate that an argument is deductive or inductive

Answer 3

Indicator words

Question 4

an argument that is supposed to offer probable support to its conclusion

Answer 4

Inductive argument

Question 5

A deductive argument that fails to provide conclusive support for its conclusion.

Answer 5

Invalid argument

Question 6

An argument of the form: If p, then q; not q; therefore, not p.

Answer 6

Modus tollens

Question 7

An argument of the form: If p, then q; p; therefore q.

Answer 7

Modus ponens

Question 8

the fallacy of relying on the opinion of someone thought to be an expert who is not

Answer 8

Appeal to authority

Question 9

the fallacy of trying to convince someone to accept a conclusion by appealing only to fear, guilt, anger, hate, compassion, and the like

Answer 9

Appeal to emotion

Question 10

the fallacy of arguing that the absence of evidence entitles us to believe a claim

Answer 10

Appeal to ignorance

Question 11

The fallacy of arguing that a claim should be rejected solely because of the characteristics of the person who makes it

Answer 11

appeal to the person (ad hominem)

Question 12

a group of statements, one of which is supposed to be supported by the rest

Answer 12

Argument

Question 13

The fallacy of arguing in a circle - that is, trying to use a statement as both a premise in an argument and the conclusion of that argument. Such an argument says, in effect, p is true because p is true.

Answer 13

Begging the question

Question 14

a strong argument with true premises

Answer 14

Cogent argument

Question 15

the statement supported in an argument

Answer 15

Conclusion

Question 16

A moral judgment that is as free from bias and distorting passions as possible. We generally trust such a judgment unless there is a reason to doubt it. Examples: “Equals should be treated equally” and “Slavery is wrong.”

Answer 16

Considered moral judgment

Question 17

an argument that is supposed to give logically conclusive support to its conclusion

Answer 17

Deductive argument

Question 18

A common but faulty argument

Answer 18

Fallacy

Question 19

the fallacy of drawing a conclusion about an entire group of people or things based on an undersized sample of the group

Answer 19

Hasty generalization

Question 20

an argument of the form: If p, then q; if q, then r; therefore, if p, then r.

Answer 20

Hypothetical syllogism

Question 21

A statement affirming that an action is right or wrong or that a person (or one’s motive or character) is good or bad

Answer 21

Moral statement

Question 22

A statement that does not affirm that an action is right or wrong or that a person (or one’s motive or character) is good or bad

Answer 22

Nonmoral statement

Question 23

a supporting statement in an argument

Answer 23

Premise

Question 24

The fallacy of using dubious premises to argue that doing a particular action will inevitably lead to other actions that will result in disaster, so you should not do the first action

Answer 24

Slippery slope

Question 25

a valid argument with true premises

Answer 25

Sound argument

Question 26

An assertion that something is or is not the case. Also called a claim.

Answer 26

Statement

Question 27

the fallacy of misrepresenting someone's claim or argument so it can be more easily refuted

Answer 27

Straw man

Question 28

an inductive argument that does in fact provide probable support for its conclusion

Answer 28

Strong argument

Question 29

a deductive argument that provides logically conclusive support for its conclusion

Answer 29

Valid argument

Question 30

an inductive argument that does not give probable support to the conclusion

Answer 30

Weak argument

Question 31

The theory that morally right actions are those that directly produce the greatest overall good, everyone considered.

Answer 31

Act Utilitarianism

Question 32

A command that we should follow regardless of our particular wants and needs; also, the single principle that defines Kant's ethical system, from which all additional maxims can be derived

Answer 32

Categorical imperative

Question 33

a moral theory in which the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences or results

Answer 33

consequentialist theory

Question 34

a theory asserting that the morally right action is the one that produces the most favorable balance of good over evil for oneself

Answer 34

Ethical egoism

Question 35

a theory asserting that the morally right action is the one done in accordance with the categorical imperative

Answer 35

Kants theory

Question 36

An explanation of why an action is right or wrong or why a person or a person's character is good or bad.

Answer 36

Moral theory

Question 37

a theory asserting that the morally right action is the one that follows the dictates of nature

Answer 37

Natural law theory

Question 38

a moral theory asserting that the rightness of an action does not depend on its consequences

Answer 38

nonconsequentialist theory

Question 39

The theory that the morally right action is the one covered by a rule that if generally followed would produce the most favorable balance of good over evil, everyone considered

Answer 39

Rule Utilitarianism

Question 40

a theory asserting that the morally right action is the one that produces the most favorable balance of good over evil, everyone considered

Answer 40

Utilitarianism