Biases and Fallacies

Question 1

The tendency to judge our own behavior as resulting from the particular circumstances we are in rather than the some general fact about our personality

Answer 1

Actor-observer bias

Question 2

Our preference for people who belong to the same social groups as us, with the effect of not caring about people who belong to other social groups

Answer 2

In-group bias

Question 3

The way our individual beliefs and attitudes can become more extreme and more rigidified in the presence of other members of our social group

Answer 3

Group polarization

Question 4

The tendency to see those in the out-group as all alike and interchangeable and even expendable while viewing the in-group as made up of unique and diverse individuals

Answer 4

Out-group homogeneity effect

Question 5

The unjustified preference for the current state of affairs

Answer 5

Status quo bias

Question 6

This happens when we overestimate how much people agree with our beliefs, opinions, preferences, and values

Answer 6

False consensus bias

Question 7

The tendency to look for evidence that the media is biased against one’s own viewpoint
(most prevalent among those who have strong beliefs & most knowledgeable about an issue)
(The media is “fake news”)

Answer 7

Hostile media effect

Question 8

happen when it is the arguer who is criticized rather than the argument

Answer 8

Ad hominem (abusive attack)

Question 9

occurs when an argument is dismissed due to an arguers supposed motive

Answer 9

Ad hominem-circumstantial fallacy

Question 10

those cases where we dismiss a person’s claim of discrimination because we prejudge the person to be trying to gain something or because we judge the person to be a whiner

Answer 10

Testimonial injustice

Question 11

This occurs when an arguer denies the truth or plausibility of a generalization based on her or his knowledge of a counterinstance

Answer 11

Fallacy of anecdotal evidence

Question 12

This occurs when someone reformulates another person’s argument in such a way that it is more vulnerable to objections and harder to defend

Answer 12

Straw person fallacy

Question 13

type of argument that assumes a small event or action will inevitably lead to a drastic or negative outcome, without providing evidence for this claim

Answer 13

Slippery Slope

Question 14

this occurs when someone argues for a particular conclusion on the basis of an absence of evidence

Answer 14

Appeal to ignorance

Question 15

This occurs when an arguer embeds a controversial assumption in a question so that a response to the question will confirm the assumption

Answer 15

Complex question fallacy

Question 16

this occurs when an arguer objects to a proposal on the grounds that the proposal will not lead to a perfect result

Answer 16

Perfectionist fallacy

Question 17

this occurs when an arguer claims that a particular belief or practice is right because it has a long history and tradition

Answer 17

Appeal to tradition

Question 18

this occurs when an arguer presents two options as if they are the only ones, while obvious alternatives are easily available

Answer 18

False dilemma