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AP Bio > Chapters 22 and 19 > Flashcards

Chapters 22 and 19 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Adaptation

A

Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.

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2
Q

Analogous

A

Having characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution, not homology.

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3
Q

Artificial selection

A

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits.

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4
Q

Biogeography

A

The scientific study of the past and present geographic distributions of species.

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5
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

The evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages.

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6
Q

Evolutionary tree

A

A branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.

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7
Q

Evolution

A

Descent with modification; the process by which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time;

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8
Q

Fossil

A

A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past.

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9
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures in different species that are similar in function because of common ancestry.

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10
Q

Homology

A

Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.

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11
Q

Natural selection

A

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

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12
Q

Paleontology

A

The scientific study of fossils.

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13
Q

Stratum

A

(plural, strata) A rock layer formed when new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them.

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14
Q

Vestigial structure

A

A feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organism’s ancestors.

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15
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.

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16
Q

Capsid

A

The protein shell that encloses a viral genome

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17
Q

What kind of virus is HIV?

A

Retrovirus

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18
Q

Host range

A

The limited number of species whose cells can be infected by a particular virus.

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19
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

A type of phage replicative cycle. the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage, is replicated along with the chromosome, and does not kill the host.

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20
Q

Lytic cycle

A

A type of phage replicative cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell.

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21
Q

Phage

A

A virus that infects bacteria; also called a bacteriophage.

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22
Q

Prions

A

An infectious agent that is a misfolded version of a normal cellular protein.

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23
Q

How do prions increase in number?

A

converting correctly folded versions of the protein to more prions.

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24
Q

Prophage

A

A phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on a bacterial chromosome.

25
Q

Provirus

A

A viral genome that is permanently inserted into a host genome.

26
Q

Retrovirus

A

An RNA virus that replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome;

27
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

An enzyme encoded by certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.

28
Q

Temperate phage

A

A phage that is capable of replicating by either a lytic or lysogenic cycle.

29
Q

Vaccine

A

A harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host’s immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen.

30
Q

Viral envelope

A

A membrane, derived from membranes of the host cell, that cloaks the capsid, which in turn encloses a viral genome.

31
Q

Virulent phage

A

A phage that replicates only by a lytic cycle.

32
Q

Virus

A

An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell

33
Q

What does a virus consist of?

A

an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope.

34
Q

Double stranded DNA virus

A

Can insert directly into host’s genome (prophage) to be transcribed and translated into the viral proteins

35
Q

RNA positive strand

A

Single stranded DNA which can serve as mRNA in protein synthesis

36
Q

RNA negative strand

A

single stranded RNA complimentary to what will ultimately be the viral mRNA

37
Q

What do organisms that share a common ancestry show?

A

similar nucleotide sequences, greater number of conserved traits, homologies (Structural similarities)

38
Q

Why are vestigial structures reduced over time?

A

organisms lose it by accumulation of mutations wherein the organism gains an advantage if its smaller

39
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Populations split into different species due to geographical separation

40
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

POpulations not physically separated but speciate via other means

41
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

variable pace in speciation, large scale changes in short periods

42
Q

gradualism

A

small changes spread over long periods of time cause speciation

43
Q

Why do most populations stay homozygous until some method of segregation is introduced?

A

gene flow

44
Q

Point mutation

A

A single base is removed and replaced by a different base (result: diff amino acid produced)

45
Q

Frame shift

A

Frame is shifted one base downstream after a change happens (insertion or deletion)

46
Q

Double stranded breaks

A

result of radiation damage, breaks whole double helix

47
Q

What are some fixes for double stranded breaks?

A

Transcriptions (use other chromosomes as models), apoptosis

48
Q

What are slipped mispairings?

A

Strands of repeated code mispairing, resulting in a loop (often excised)

49
Q

What is a triplet expansion

A

Regions of repeated codes growing in length due to copying errors

50
Q

What are the prezygotic barriers to gene flow?

A

Ecological (feeding niches), behavioral (mating dances), temporal (breeding seasons), mechanical (breeding structures different)

51
Q

What happens in inversions resulting in unequal crossing over?

A

Loop forms in synapsis, one chromosome pairing inverts causing exchange of unequal lengths, the two chromosomes no longer homologs

52
Q

what is transposition

A

segments move from one region of a chromosome to another

53
Q

how does transposition happen?

A

Enzymes help it along

54
Q

Whose ideas is the scale of nature based off of (ladder)

A

Aristotle

55
Q

Who founded binomial nomenclature?

A

Linnaeus

56
Q

What is insertional inactivation?

A

occurs via transposition, receiving end of the insertion is altered in function or disrupted

57
Q

What do phylogenic trees show?

A

Chronology of development of related groups

58
Q

What do cladograms show?

A

Degrees of relatedness through common traits

59
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Independent evolution of similar features in species unrelated to one another

AP Bio (5 decks)

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