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AP Bio > Cell biology > Flashcards

Cell biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Role of Actin

A

Forms microfilaments in (muscle) cells

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2
Q

Cell fractionation

A

The disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation at successively higher speeds.

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3
Q

Cell wall

A

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists

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4
Q

Role of Central Vacuole

A

growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances.

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5
Q

Centriole

A

A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a “9 + 0” pattern. A centrosome has a pair of centrioles.

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6
Q

Centrosome

A

A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division.

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7
Q

Chloroplast

A

An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

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8
Q

Chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.

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9
Q

Chromosome

A

A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules.

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10
Q

Cilium

A

(plural, cilia) A short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells. A motile cilium is specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell;

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11
Q

Collagen

A

A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.

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12
Q

role of contractile vacuole

A

A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists.

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13
Q

Crista

A

(plural, cristae) An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus.

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15
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving interactions of myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells.

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16
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions.

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17
Q

Cytosol

A

The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.

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18
Q

Endomembrane system

A

The collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell,

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19
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.

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20
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

The theory that mitochondria and plastids originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by a host cell.

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21
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

The meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by cells

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22
Q

Food vacuole

A

A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell.

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23
Q

Glycoprotein

A

A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.

24
Q

role of Golgi apparatus

A

modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably noncellulose carbohydrates.

25
Q

Granum

A

(plural, grana) A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis.

26
Q

Integrin

A

In animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein with two subunits that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton.

27
Q

Lysosome

A

A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists.

28
Q

Microfilament

A

A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also called an actin filament.

29
Q

Middle lamella

A

In plants, a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells.

30
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA.

31
Q

Mitochondrion

A

(plural, mitochondria) An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP.

32
Q

Motor protein

A

A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell.

33
Q

Myosin

A

A type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contraction.

34
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

In a eukaryotic cell, the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.

35
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

A netlike array of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.

36
Q

Nucleoid

A

A non-membrane-enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its chromosome is located.

37
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell’s chemical composition.

37
Q

Nucleolus

A

(plural, nucleoli) A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm;

37
Q

Nucleus

A

2) The organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made up of chromatin

38
Q

Phagocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell.

39
Q

Plastid

A

One of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts.

39
Q

Plasodesmata

A

) An open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between the cells.

40
Q

Primary cell wall

A

In plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a young cell.

41
Q

proteoglycan

A

A large molecule consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells. A proteoglycan may consist of up to 95% carbohydrate.

42
Q

Pseudopodium

A

(plural, pseudopodia) A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.

43
Q

Ribosome

A

A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm;

44
Q

Rough ER

A

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached.

45
Q

Secondary cell wall

A

In plant cells, a strong and durable matrix that is often deposited in several laminated layers around the plasma membrane and provides protection and support.

46
Q

Smooth ER

A

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.

47
Q

Stroma

A

The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA;

48
Q

Thykaloid

A

A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast.

49
Q

Tight junction

A

A type of intercellular junction between animal cells that prevents the leakage of material through the space between cells.

50
Q

TRansport vesicle

A

A small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.

51
Q

Vacuole

A

A membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells.

52
Q

Vesicle

A

A membrane-bound sac in or outside a cell.

AP Bio (5 decks)

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