Chapters 18-22 Flashcards
Purple, thick peptidoglycan
Gram positive
Red, thin peptidoglycan
Gram negative
Oxygen poisonous
Obligate anaerobes
Oxygen required
Obligate aerobes
Use either aerobic or anaerobic respiration
Facultative anaerobes
Use light to build sugars
Photoautotroph
Harvest energy from light but rely on sugars from other organisms
Photoheterotrophs
Feed on other organisms
Chemoheterotrophs
Virus where genome is also template for translation, RNA
Positive sense
Virus where genome is NOT template for translation but it’s COMPLEMENT, RNA, RNA polymerase makes complementary strand which is template upon infection
Negative sense
Virus with reverse transcriptase, RNA-DNA, wraps around genome?, RNA
Retrovirus
Virus with double stranded DNA, doesn’t need to get to nucleus of host cell
DNA Virus
Posterior flagella, animals/fungi/choanoflagellates, multicellular, no chloroplasts
Opisthokonts
Cell wall of fungi
Chitin
Fungi digestive system
Absorptive heterotrophy, secrete enzymes to break down food and then absorb it
Pseudopods for locomotion, on land or in fresh water, amoebas/slime molds, sort of multicellular (can be in colonies), no chloroplasts
Amoebozoans
long pseudopods, marine (Salt water), foraminifera (external shells of CaCO3 for limestone)/radiolaria (largest unicellular euks), unicellular, no chloroplasts
Rhizarians
Chloroplasts with 2 outer membranes, red (phycoerythrin & chlorophyll a)/green algae (chlorophyll a&b)/land plants, multicellular, chloroplasts!
Archaeplastids
unequal flagella, diatoms (single cell, aquatic, filtration)/brown algae (can be multicell, chlorophyll a & b & brown pigments), multicellular, chloroplasts!
Stramenophile
Sacs under cell membrane, ciliates (cilia body for motility, fresh water)/plasmodium (apicomplexans-malaria, nonfunctional chloroplasts)/dinoflagellates (red tides), unicellular, chloroplasts!
Alveolates
No mitochondria, giardia trypanosomes (in dark), unicellular, chloroplasts!
Excavates
lack tissues, cup shaped body, flagella beats water thru body
Sponges
2 body layers, distinct organ system, central gastrovascular cavity (multiple jobs), aquatic-body supported by water
CNIDARIANS & CTENOPHORES
Diploblastic
3 layers, DEUTEROSTOMES & PROTOSTOMES
Triploblastic
molluscs/annelids/bryozoans, PROTOSTOMES, feeding structure (lophophore) & free-living larval stage (trochophore)
Lophotrochozoans
arthropods/nematodes, shed exoskeleton to grow
Ecdysozoans
echinoderms/hemichordates/vertebrates, mouth forms second
Deuterostomes
most successful animals, crustaceans (marine & terrestrial, lobster) /hexapods (terrestrial, insects) /myriapods (millipede) /chelicerates (horseshoe crab/spiders), most complex of ecdysozoans, body supported by exoskeleton (chitin), segmented body, jointed appendages
arthropods
limbs not jointed, inefficient, can survive decade after drying out, simpler ecdysozoans
Tardigrades
roundworms, no limbs, no segmentation, scavengers/predators/parasites, simpler ecdysozoan
nematodes
have a foot for locomotion, internal organs, gastropods (snail) /bivalves (clams)/ cephalopods (octopus), LOPHOTROCHOZOAN
molluscs
lophotrochozoan, earthworms/leeches, segmented bodies
annelids
lophotrochozoan, tapeworms/flukes, mostly parasites, simple bodies & lack digestive tracts
flatworms
Lophotrochozoan, ciliated corona-sweeps food into mouth, some species-only females
rotifers
lophotrochozoan, colonial
bryozoans
deuterostomes, radially symmetric, bilateral as larvae, move & feed using tube feet (starfish)
echinoderms
deuterostomes, hollow nerve cord, postanal tail (shark), notochord (flexible support), pharyngeal slit for gas exchange, lancelet/tunicates/vertebrates
chordates
Segmented body plan
metameric
deuterostomes, 1/2 are ray finned fish, possess jaws, can crawl on land, internal skeleton, vertebrae, bone (vs cartilage), breath air, terrestrial limbs, amniotic eggs
Vertabrates
land animals, amphibians/reptiles/mammals
tetrapods
moist skin, require water for eggs (no shell), wet habitats, frogs (no tail)/ salamanders/ caecilians (limbs lost)
amphibians
eggs withstand drying conditions, complex structures with regions for protecting embryo/ gas & waste exchange etc
amniotic eggs
reptiles & mammals, has eggs
amniotes
amniotic egg provides “private pond”, scales (keratin vs bone like fish), epidermis more durable and water retentive, turtles/tuataras (not lizard)/squamates (snakes & lizards)/crocodilians/dinosaurs & birds
reptiles
Mammary glands, sweat glands, 4 chambered heart (vs 3), hair, teeth vary!, prototherians (lay eggs, platypus)/ marsupials (newborns to pouch, kangaroo & opossum)/ eutherians (more developed at birth, 20 major groups)
Mammals
produces cells that undergo meiosis in flowers, products=spores
sporophyte
produces gametes by mitosis
gametophyte
dominant gametophyte, small & live in moist env, mosses/liverworts/hornworts
nonvascular plants
dominant sporophyte, true roots, stem branches at tip (dichotomous), reproduce by spores, tracheids-conduct water over long distances & primitive cell
vascular plants
