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History 101 > Chapters 16-21 Review > Flashcards

Chapters 16-21 Review Flashcards

1
Q

The importance of buffalo to Indians

A

Their main food source

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2
Q

What does the Gilded age reference?

A

refers to the period in US history between 1870s -1900s: rapid industrialization, economic growth, and also significant wealth inequality and political corruption

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3
Q

Who built the Transcontinental Railroad?

A

the Central Pacific Railroad Company and the Union Pacific Railroad Company

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4
Q

Industrial effects on America

A
  • urbanization
  • rise of a new middle class
  • increased wealth for some
  • emergence of new industries like steel and railroads
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5
Q

Mass production + effects

A
  • Mass production: the manufacturing process of producing large amounts of standard goods
  • effects: lower costs and increased efficiency
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6
Q

Dawes Act

A

authorized the federal government to break up Native American tribal lands into individual plots of land - 1887

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7
Q

Indian Removal Act

A

authorized the President to negotiate treaties with Native American tribes for their removal from lands east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river-for white settlement

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8
Q

Booker T. Washington

A
  • Founded the Tuskegee Institute
  • advocated for accommodation and economic self-improvement
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9
Q

W.E.B Du Bois

A

challenged Washington by fighting for full civil and political rights for African Americans

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10
Q

Plessy v. Ferguson

A

a Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation - 1896

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11
Q

Muckrakers

A

reform-minded journalists, writers, and photographers in the Progressive Era who claimed to expose corruption/wrongdoing in established institutions through publications

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12
Q

Suffrage

A

voting rights

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13
Q

Settlement Houses

A
  • founded by Jane Adams in 1889(Hull House)
  • purpose: to help immigrant families adapt to the language and customs of the U.S, and served as a safe place for women
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14
Q

Progressivism under Teddy Roosevelt

A
  • was very conservative
  • The Square Deal(1904, railroads)
  • Hepburn Act(1906) - strengthened interstate Commerce Commission
  • Pure Food and Drug Act(1906) - prohibited mislabeled food and drugs
  • created U.S Forest Service - conservation
  • Preservation - national parks
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15
Q

Social Darwinism

A

a set of ideas that applies Darwin’s theory of evolution to human society: “survival of the fittest”

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16
Q

16th Amendment

A

grants Congress the power to levy and collect income taxes without apportionment among the states or regard to any census - ratified in 1913

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17
Q

17th Amendment

A

established the direct election of United States senators in each state - popular vote

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18
Q

18th Amendment

A

established a nationwide ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors - Prohibition Era

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19
Q

19th Amendment

A

gave women the right to vote - August 18, 1920

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20
Q

20th Amendment

A

moved the beginning and ending dates of presidential and congressional terms, shortening the period between elections and inaugurations

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21
Q

21st Amendment

A

repealed the 18th Amendment - allowing the return of regulation of alcohol to individual states

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22
Q

Progressive Laws

A

Purpose: to establish a more transparent and accountable government which would work to improve U.S. society

23
Q

Interstate Commerce Act

A

a U.S. federal law designed to regulate the railroad industry - 1887

24
Q

Sherman Antitrust Act

A

aimed at preventing monopolies and promoting competition by outlawing contracts, combinations, or conspiracies that restrain trade or attempt to monopolize any part of commerce

25
How did city bosses control the government?
They controlled the government through political machines, which are powerful hierarchical organizations that dominated urban politics
26
Homestead Act
Purpose: to encourage westward expansion settlement by offering free, surveying public land to individuals who agreed to farm it for a specified period, promoting economic development and self-sufficiency
27
Laissez-Faire hands off government
minimal government intervention in the economy
28
Zimmerman Note
a secret 1917 diplomatic communication from Germany to the German ambassador to Mexico, proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico if the US entered WWI
29
Lusitania
a British ocean liner that was sunk by Germany during WWI which changed US public opinion against Germany, contributing to US participation in war
30
Militarism
a strong belief in and reliance on military power to achieve foreign policy goals and maintain national interests, often overshadowing other means of diplomacy or conflict resolution
31
Western Front - which country was absorbing most of them?
France
32
33
No Mans Land
the middle part of a trench war, between both sides
34
League of Nations
established in 1920 after WWI, was the first intergovernmental organization aimed at promoting international cooperation and achieving peace and security
35
Working conditions for women during the war
* long hours * dangerous conditions * lower pay
36
Sussex Pledge
a promise made by Germany to the United States to stop sinking passenger ships and merchant vessels without warning, aiming to prevent rupture in diplomatic relations and avoid US entry in war - May 1916
37
Draft
The United States implemented the Selective Service Act of 1917, requiring all men between 18 and 45 to register for military service
38
President during WWI
Woodrow Wilson
39
Espionage Act(1917) and Sedition Act(1918)
to restrict dissent and protect the war effort, criminalizing speech critical of the government or the war
40
Spark that caused WWI
the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, along with rising nationalism, imperial rivalries, a system of alliances, and militarism
41
Great Migration
a massive movement of Black Americans from the South to the North, Midwest, and West Purpose: seeking better opportunities and escaping racial violence
42
Sand Creek
Sand Creek massacre, a brutal attack by the US Army on a peaceful village of Cheyenne and Arapaho people in southeastern Colorado - November 29, 1864
43
Purpose of the Cowboy
to herd and care for cattle on ranches
44
How did the cattle trails change the American diet?
increased beef availability
45
Chinese Exclusion Act
the first major law restricting immigration to the US, specifically targeting Chinese laborers, and prohibiting their entry for 10 years
46
Comstock Lode
a rich deposit of silver ore discovered in June 1859 under the eastern slope of Mount Davidson in Virginia City, Nevada
47
Frontier Thesis
an essay by Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893, which argued that the westward expansion and the American frontier played a crucial role in shaping American identity, democracy, and character
48
Little Big Horn
a pivotal event in the Great Sioux War in 1876, where combined forces of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes decisively defeated Custer and his regiment
49
Bessemer Process
a method for mass-producing steel by removing impurities from molten pig iron
50
AFL
founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers, was a national federation of labor unions focused on organizing skilled workers and securing better wages, working conditions, and hours through collective bargaining.
51
Leisure and Consumer Society
52
Open Door Policy
proposed by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899, aimed to ensure equal trading rights for all nations in China, preventing any single country from monopolizing trade and maintaining China's territorial integrity.
53
Spanish-American War
fought in 1898, was a conflict between the United States and Spain, resulting in Spain's loss of its overseas empire and the U.S. gaining territories in the Caribbean and Pacific
54
Yellow Journalism
a sensationalist style of news reporting that emerged in the late 19th century, emphasizing exaggeration, scandal, and often biased narratives to increase readership and circulation, rather than factual accuracy.

History 101 (2 decks)

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