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Anatomy and Phys. LECTURE > Chapters 14/15/16 (Test 2) > Flashcards

Chapters 14/15/16 (Test 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sensory function of the ANS?

A

Perceives visceral sensations or emotions

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2
Q

What is the function of the Hypothalamus and Spinal Cord in the ANS?

A

ANS Control Center

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3
Q

What effectors are regulated by the ANS?

A

Smooth muscle

cardiac muscle

glands

adipose tissue

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4
Q

Define Dual Innervation and its Function

A
  1. regulate a single effector by both ANS divisions
  2. balance an Autonomic effector’s function
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5
Q

What are the differences between ANS and Somatic Motor Pathways?

A

of Motor neurons per pathway

presence of ganglia

and type of neurotransmitters

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6
Q

One motor neuron excites the skeletal muscle is a __________ motor structure

A

somatic

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7
Q

Location and Function of Preganglionic Neuron

A

In the CNS within specific regions in the Brain and Spinal

send impulses along myelinated axons to postganglionic neuron

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8
Q

Location and Function of Postganglionic Neuron

A

Outside of CNS

Receive impulses from preganglionic neuron and trasmit to effectors via unmyelinated neuron fibers

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9
Q

Describe the role of Acetylcholine at the ganglia

A

Generate an action potential on the postganglionic neuron

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10
Q

Describe the location of parasympathetic motor ganglia

A

close to/within Effector organs

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11
Q

Describe the pattern that establishes a stimulation connection to only a single parasympathetic effector

A

Parasympathetic ganglion has only a few postganglionic neurons, usually only stimulating one effector

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12
Q

Describe the location of sympathetic motor ganglia

A

near spinal cord or major abdominal arteries

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13
Q

Describe the location of sympathetic motor ganglia

A

near spinal cord or major abdominal arteries

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14
Q

Describe the pattern that establishes a stimulation connection to many sympathetic effectors

A

Sympathetic ganglion has many postganglionic neurons, usually providing stimulation to many effectors

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15
Q

How are Autonomic Neurons classified?

A

by the neurotransmitters they release into a synapse

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16
Q

Identify the neurotransmitter and deactivation enzyme of Cholinergic Neurons

A

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholinestrate

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17
Q

Identify the neurotransmitter and deactivation enzyme of Andregenic Neurons

A

Norepinepherine

Monoamine Oxidase

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18
Q

Identify Cholinergic ANS Neurons

A

ALL Sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

ALL parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

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19
Q

Describe the function of Nicotonic Receptors

A

ALWAYS depolarize a cell when activated

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20
Q

Describe the function of Muscarinic Receptors

A

MAY depolarize OR hyperpolarize a cell when activated

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21
Q

Identify the ANS Neurons that are Adregenic

A

Most sympathetic postanglionic neurons

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22
Q

What effect does Norepinepherine have on postsynaptic membranes?

A

depolarizes OR hyperpolarizes

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23
Q

Describe the hypothalamus’ role in the ANS

A

Ensures more efficient responses

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24
Q

When does the Sympathetic division of the ANS respoond and stimulate effectors?

A

Exercise, Emotions, Emergencies

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25
Q

Identify some sympathetic responses

A

pupil dialation

increased heart rate, force of contraction, and blood pressure

bronchodilation or airways in lungs

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26
Q

How are Sympathetic Division responses appropriate for “fight or flight”?

A

promote increased nutrients and oxygen support for increased metabolism and activity in organs needed to resist stress

27
Q

3 reasons why Sympathetic responses are longer than parasympathetic responses

A
  1. motor pathways diverge to more effectors
  2. NE deactivation slower than ACh deactivation
  3. NE secreted from Adrenal Medulla increases overall effect of NE
28
Q

Why is the parasympathetic division call the “rest and digest” reaction?

A

person is relaxed, well fed, or sleepy

29
Q

Identify parasympathetic responses

A

decreased heart rate, force of contraction, and blood pressure

Bronchoconstriction of airways in lungs

30
Q

Define SLUDD responses

A

Salivation, Lacrimation, Digestion, and Defecation are ALL increased

31
Q

Define the function of parasympathetic responses

A

promote maitenance of normalcy, decrease energy consumption, increase energy conservation

32
Q

Define the ANS and its general function

A

A set of motor pathways to regulate visceral activity

33
Q

Describe the Visceral Receptor function

A

sensory info to ANS comes from somatic and special receptors through cranial nerves

non-concious

34
Q

Identify Chemoreceptor location and function

A

Circulatory system

blood CO2 and 02, blood pH, Blood osmotic pressure, blood glucose levels

35
Q

Identify Thermoreceptor location and function

A

Skin

respond to stimuli and generate action potentials

36
Q

Identify Mechanoreceptor location and function

A

Skin, inner ear, and muscle

respond to stimuli and generate action potentials

37
Q

Identify the main ANS control Centers

A

Hypothalamus

Brain Stem

Spinal Cord

38
Q

Describe the ANS motor pathways

A

2 neurons

Myelinated preganglionic neuron and unmyelinated postganglionic neuron

39
Q

Identify Cholinergic secretions and general functions

A

Acetylcholine

Binds to Nicotonic and Muscarinic receptors

40
Q

Identify Adrenergic secretions and functions

A

Norepinepherine

Binds to Adrenergic Receptors

41
Q

Define Visceral Effectors

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, endocrine and exocrine glands, adipose tissure

42
Q

what are the 4 ventricles of the Ventricular system?

A

2 lateral (each hemisphere)

3rd: beneath coprus collosum
4th: between pons and cerebellum

43
Q

How is CSF created?

A

in capillaries, diffuses through capillaries, into ependymal cells, into brain

44
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid Plexus

45
Q

What does the Cerebellum do?

A

maintenance of balance and posture

coordination

motor learning

cognitive functions

46
Q

Where is the Insula Lobe located?

A

deep and posterior to Frontal lobe

deep to Temporal lobe

47
Q

What are the functions of the Frontal Lobe?

A

motor functions

planning, reasoning, and impulse control

48
Q

What are the functions of the Parietal Lobe?

A

taste, temperature control, pain, and touch sensations

If damaged, not able to feel sensation or touch

49
Q

What are the functions of the Insula lobe?

A

process spoken language and taste

integrate sensory information from visceral receptors

50
Q

What are the 4 (plus 1) lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Occipital

(Insula)

51
Q

What is the function of the Occipital Lobe?

A

Main visual center of the brain

52
Q

What are the functions of the Temporal Lobe?

A

hearing, smelling, learning, memory, and some vision and emotions

53
Q

Describe the location and contents of the Diencephalon

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

54
Q

Why is the Limbic System important?

A

Nervous dispatch center of the brain

Hormonal center of the brain

personality; makes you you

55
Q

Why is the Hindbrain/Midbrain important?

A

Keeps you alive

56
Q

What does the Cerebellum control?

A

Ballance and Posture

57
Q

What are the 4 types of brainwaves?

A

Alpha: regular everyday thoughs

Beta: deep thinking sensory input and mental activity

Theta: emotional stress/brain disorders

Delta: only active during sleep in adults/or when brain damage is present

58
Q

How many pairs of Spinal nerves are there?

Cranial Nerves?

A

31 pairs

12 pairs

59
Q

How many roots do Spinal Nerves have?

Cranial Nerves?

A

2: dorsal and ventral

single root

60
Q

Where are the Spinal Nerves target effectors?

Cranial Nerves?

A

limbs/trunk

head/neck

61
Q

Cranial Nerve I

A

Olfactory Nerve

sense of smell

62
Q

Cranial Nerve II

A

Optic Nerve

sense of sight

63
Q

Cranial Nerve X

A

Vagus Nerve

carries most parasympathetic efferents to the thorax and abdoman

Anatomy and Phys. LECTURE (2 decks)

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