Chapters 14/15/16 (Test 2) Flashcards
What is the sensory function of the ANS?
Perceives visceral sensations or emotions
What is the function of the Hypothalamus and Spinal Cord in the ANS?
ANS Control Center
What effectors are regulated by the ANS?
Smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glands
adipose tissue
Define Dual Innervation and its Function
- regulate a single effector by both ANS divisions
- balance an Autonomic effector’s function
What are the differences between ANS and Somatic Motor Pathways?
of Motor neurons per pathway
presence of ganglia
and type of neurotransmitters
One motor neuron excites the skeletal muscle is a __________ motor structure
somatic
Location and Function of Preganglionic Neuron
In the CNS within specific regions in the Brain and Spinal
send impulses along myelinated axons to postganglionic neuron
Location and Function of Postganglionic Neuron
Outside of CNS
Receive impulses from preganglionic neuron and trasmit to effectors via unmyelinated neuron fibers
Describe the role of Acetylcholine at the ganglia
Generate an action potential on the postganglionic neuron
Describe the location of parasympathetic motor ganglia
close to/within Effector organs
Describe the pattern that establishes a stimulation connection to only a single parasympathetic effector
Parasympathetic ganglion has only a few postganglionic neurons, usually only stimulating one effector
Describe the location of sympathetic motor ganglia
near spinal cord or major abdominal arteries
Describe the location of sympathetic motor ganglia
near spinal cord or major abdominal arteries
Describe the pattern that establishes a stimulation connection to many sympathetic effectors
Sympathetic ganglion has many postganglionic neurons, usually providing stimulation to many effectors
How are Autonomic Neurons classified?
by the neurotransmitters they release into a synapse
Identify the neurotransmitter and deactivation enzyme of Cholinergic Neurons
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholinestrate
Identify the neurotransmitter and deactivation enzyme of Andregenic Neurons
Norepinepherine
Monoamine Oxidase
Identify Cholinergic ANS Neurons
ALL Sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
ALL parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
Describe the function of Nicotonic Receptors
ALWAYS depolarize a cell when activated
Describe the function of Muscarinic Receptors
MAY depolarize OR hyperpolarize a cell when activated
Identify the ANS Neurons that are Adregenic
Most sympathetic postanglionic neurons
What effect does Norepinepherine have on postsynaptic membranes?
depolarizes OR hyperpolarizes
Describe the hypothalamus’ role in the ANS
Ensures more efficient responses
When does the Sympathetic division of the ANS respoond and stimulate effectors?
Exercise, Emotions, Emergencies
Identify some sympathetic responses
pupil dialation
increased heart rate, force of contraction, and blood pressure
bronchodilation or airways in lungs
How are Sympathetic Division responses appropriate for “fight or flight”?
promote increased nutrients and oxygen support for increased metabolism and activity in organs needed to resist stress
3 reasons why Sympathetic responses are longer than parasympathetic responses
- motor pathways diverge to more effectors
- NE deactivation slower than ACh deactivation
- NE secreted from Adrenal Medulla increases overall effect of NE
Why is the parasympathetic division call the “rest and digest” reaction?
person is relaxed, well fed, or sleepy
Identify parasympathetic responses
decreased heart rate, force of contraction, and blood pressure
Bronchoconstriction of airways in lungs
Define SLUDD responses
Salivation, Lacrimation, Digestion, and Defecation are ALL increased
Define the function of parasympathetic responses
promote maitenance of normalcy, decrease energy consumption, increase energy conservation
Define the ANS and its general function
A set of motor pathways to regulate visceral activity
Describe the Visceral Receptor function
sensory info to ANS comes from somatic and special receptors through cranial nerves
non-concious
Identify Chemoreceptor location and function
Circulatory system
blood CO2 and 02, blood pH, Blood osmotic pressure, blood glucose levels
Identify Thermoreceptor location and function
Skin
respond to stimuli and generate action potentials
Identify Mechanoreceptor location and function
Skin, inner ear, and muscle
respond to stimuli and generate action potentials
Identify the main ANS control Centers
Hypothalamus
Brain Stem
Spinal Cord
Describe the ANS motor pathways
2 neurons
Myelinated preganglionic neuron and unmyelinated postganglionic neuron
Identify Cholinergic secretions and general functions
Acetylcholine
Binds to Nicotonic and Muscarinic receptors
Identify Adrenergic secretions and functions
Norepinepherine
Binds to Adrenergic Receptors
Define Visceral Effectors
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, endocrine and exocrine glands, adipose tissure
what are the 4 ventricles of the Ventricular system?
2 lateral (each hemisphere)
3rd: beneath coprus collosum
4th: between pons and cerebellum
How is CSF created?
in capillaries, diffuses through capillaries, into ependymal cells, into brain
Where is CSF produced?
Choroid Plexus
What does the Cerebellum do?
maintenance of balance and posture
coordination
motor learning
cognitive functions
Where is the Insula Lobe located?
deep and posterior to Frontal lobe
deep to Temporal lobe
What are the functions of the Frontal Lobe?
motor functions
planning, reasoning, and impulse control
What are the functions of the Parietal Lobe?
taste, temperature control, pain, and touch sensations
If damaged, not able to feel sensation or touch
What are the functions of the Insula lobe?
process spoken language and taste
integrate sensory information from visceral receptors
What are the 4 (plus 1) lobes of the brain?
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
(Insula)
What is the function of the Occipital Lobe?
Main visual center of the brain
What are the functions of the Temporal Lobe?
hearing, smelling, learning, memory, and some vision and emotions
Describe the location and contents of the Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Why is the Limbic System important?
Nervous dispatch center of the brain
Hormonal center of the brain
personality; makes you you
Why is the Hindbrain/Midbrain important?
Keeps you alive
What does the Cerebellum control?
Ballance and Posture
What are the 4 types of brainwaves?
Alpha: regular everyday thoughs
Beta: deep thinking sensory input and mental activity
Theta: emotional stress/brain disorders
Delta: only active during sleep in adults/or when brain damage is present
How many pairs of Spinal nerves are there?
Cranial Nerves?
31 pairs
12 pairs
How many roots do Spinal Nerves have?
Cranial Nerves?
2: dorsal and ventral
single root
Where are the Spinal Nerves target effectors?
Cranial Nerves?
limbs/trunk
head/neck
Cranial Nerve I
Olfactory Nerve
sense of smell
Cranial Nerve II
Optic Nerve
sense of sight
Cranial Nerve X
Vagus Nerve
carries most parasympathetic efferents to the thorax and abdoman
