Chapters 12/13 (Test 1) Flashcards
1._________ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas 2.________ neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system
- Afferent/Sensory
- Efferent/Motor
- Dendrite
- Cell Body/Soma
- Axon
- Schwann Cell
- Node of Ranier
- Axon Terminal
- Myelin Sheath
What is the order of a Somatic Reflex?
Somatic Receptor, Afferent Nerve Fiber, Interneuron/Association Neuron, Efferent Nerve Fiber, Skeletal Muscle
What is the order of an Autonomic Reflex?
Autonomic Receptor (in autonomic organs), Afferent Nerve Fiber, Interneuron/Association Neuron, Smooth Muscle/Cardiac Muscle/Glands/Adipose Tissue
What is the order of an Enteric Reflex?
Enteric Receptor (in Digestive Organs), Afferent Nerve Fiber, Interneuron/Association Neuron, Stimulate smooth muscle movements and secretary activities of digestive organs
What are the 3 Spinal Cord functions?
- Process reflexes
- Integrate inhibitory and excitatory nerve impulses
- Provide a highway for carrying sensory nerve impulses to the brain and motor impulses from the brain to the spinal cord
What are the general functions of Spinal Nerves?
To connect the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands.
(contain sensory and motor neurons)
Glial Cells comprise over _____% of all neural cells
90%
What are the Spinal Cord Nerve Plexuses and the amount of nerves in each?
Cervical Plexus 8 Pairs
Thoracic Plexus 12 Pairs
Lumbar Plexus 5 Pairs
Saccral Plexus 5 Pairs
Coccygeal Plexus 1 Pair
What is one specific region of the body innervated by the Cervical Nerve Plexus?
Neck and Phrenic Nerve to Diaphragm
What is one specific region of the body innervated by the Thoracic Nerve Plexus?
Chest and Upper Back
What is one specific region of the body innervated by the Saccral Nerve Plexus?
Lower Trunk and Lower Limbs
What is one specific region of the body innervated by the Lumbar Nerve Plexus?
Abdominal Wall, Anterior Thigh, Genitalia
What is one specific region of the body innervated by the Coccygeal Nerve Plexus?
Tailbone
What type of Neuron is this?
Multipolar Neuron
One axon, multiple dendrites
Comprise most neurons in Brain and Spinal Cord
What kind of neuron is this?
Bipolar Neuron
One axon, One dendrite
specialized sensory neurons
olfactory cells of nasal cavity, neurons of the retina, sensory neurons of inner ear
What kind of Neuron is this?
Unipolar Neuron
“T Branch”
Sensory from skin and organs to spinal cord
What kind of Neuron is this?
Anaxonic Neuron
No axon, multiple dendrites
brain, retina, adrenal medulla
Help in visual processes
What are the 4 main functions of Spinal Nerves?
Conduction- Conduct nerve impulses up and down spinal cord
Neural Integration- Input from multiple sources, integrated, executed output
Locomotion- repetive, coordinated contractions of muscle groups in limbs
Reflexes- involuntary stereotyped responses to stimuli
What are Meninges and what are the 3 levels?
Fibrous connective tissue membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord.
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater
What is Grey Matter?
Neuron cell bodies with little myelin
-site of information processing, synaptic integration
What is White Matter?
Abundantly myelinated axons
carry signal from one part of CNS to another
What are Ganglion?
Clusters of neurotransmitters outside of the CNS
Ascending Spinal Tract
Up, Right
1st Order Neurons- transmit signal to spinal cord/brainstem
2nd Order Neurons- Thalamus and upper end of brainstem
3rd Order Neurons- Sensory region of the cerebral cortex
Descending Spinal Tract
Down, Left
Upper Motor Neurons- Originate in cerebral cortex and terminate in a lower motor neuron
Lower Motor Neurons- In brainstem/spinal cord
Axon of LMN- leads rest of the way to the muscle or other target location
What is a Nerve?
What are Mixed Nerves?
A cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (axons) bound together by connective tissue
Contain both Afferent (Sensory) and Efferent (Motor) fibers
Posterior Dorsal Root Ganglion
Anterior Ventral Root Ganglion
PDRG- Sensory input enters spinal cord
AVRG- Motor output leaves the spinal cord
What is Somatosensory Function?
Carry sensory signals from bones, joints, muscles, and skin to CNS
What is a Dermatome
A specific area of the skin that receives sensory input from a pair of spinal nerves
What are the 4 properties of Reflexes?
- Require stimulation
- Quick
- Involuntary
- Stereotyped
What is the function of Proprioceptors?
provide info regarding the degree to which muscles are contracted, and the positions of the joints of the body.
