Chapters 14,15,16 Flashcards
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How can energy imbalances adversely affect fertility?
Altering hormone levels and promoting oxidative damage.
Name a hormone imbalance which tends to occur with upper body obesity that causes infertility?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
List (6) nutritional factors that may improve male / female fertility:
Low glycemic index carbs, unsaturated fats, antioxidants, folate, iron zinc.
How long is each trimester?
13 or 14 weeks
List the 3 main growth stages of baby growth
Zygote, embryo, fetus
Which trimester is the baby most susceptible to damage from exposure to toxic agents or nutritional deficiency
1st
Which trimester do organs and limbs start to grow?
2nd
This trimester is marked by rapid fetal growth and storage of nutrients
3rd
What are the 2 hallmarks of a successful pregnancy?
Gestation longer than 37 weeks & brithweight higher than 5.5 lbs or 2.5 kilos
3 factors that predict pregnancy success
Early and regular prenatal care, maternal age 20 - 35 , adequate nutrition
Name a viral infection that can cause a poor pregnancy
Listeria
For women with a normal BMI how much weight should be gained?
25 - 35 lbs
Does being over or underweight affect how much weight you should gain with pregnancy?
Yes Underweight More / Overweight Less
Should a woman increase the amount of food during the first trimestre?
No, however the quality should improve
How many extra kcal does a woman need during the 2nd and 3rd trimester?
350 - 450 per day
What is edema?
Build up of interstitial fluid in the system
List advantages of breast milk over formula: (4)
Fewer infections, reduced risk of atopic diseases, lower risk for obesity, & type 2 diabetes
Benefits for the mother of breast feeding:
Reduced risk of cancers, quicker recovery from pregnancy, faster return to prepregancy weight.
3 micronutrients to prevent birth defects:
Folic acids, iodine, antioxidants
Access of _______ & ______ should be avoided.
Vitamin A & Caffeine
In women excess adipose tissue affects the ability to get pregnant how?
Decreased availability of reproductive hormones and insulin resistance.
How does being overweight affects males ability to reproduce?
Fat increases estrogen and decreases testosterone.
Extra fat raises the temperature of the testicles
A condition of hormonal imbalances in a woman that can lead to infertility, weight gain in abdominal region, body hair and acne
Polycycstic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Leading cause of female infertility
Polycystic ovary syndrome
