Chapters 13-18 Flashcards
What is it about oxygen that defies explanation using just VSEPR and hybridization theory?
The fact that oxygen is paramagnetic.
What makes materials paramagnetic?
unpaired electrons in their electron clouds.
What are Michael Faraday’s dates?
1791-1867.
Who first discovered that oxygen is attracted to magnetic fields? When?
Michael Faraday in 1847.
Who solved the mystery of oxygen’s paramagnetism?
Friedrich Hund and Robert Mulliken in 1933. An electron in a molecule could move through larger regions defined by combinations of overlapping atomic orbitals.
Define a chemical reaction.
Any process that results in the breaking, formation, or rearrangement of chemical bonds.
Are processes like melting ice or boiling water chemical reactions?
No. Just physical changes. The chemical bonds remain the same.
Is radioactive decay a chemical reaction?
No– the element’s identity is changed because of nuclear changes, not changes in the chemical bonds.
What are 4 basic types of chemical reactions?
Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Displacement and Double Displacement.
What is a synthesis chemical reaction?
when 2 or more smaller reagents combine to form a single larger product.
What is a Decomposition chemical reaction?
a process in which larger starting materials are broken down into smaller and more numerous products.
What is a Single Displacement chemical reaction?
combination of synthesis and decomposition, in which one reactant replaces a part of another molecule, liberating that which it replaced.
What is a Double Displacement chemical reaction?
also called metathesis, 2 or more reactants exchange a portion of themselves with one another.
Define Stoichiometry
The molar ratios of each reactant and product involved in a given chemical reaction.
When balancing chemical equations, which species should you leave to the last step?
The pure elements.
What is a limiting reagent?
The reagent we expect to be depleted first in a chemical reaction.
What are James Prescott Joule’s dates?
1818-1889.
What was James Joule’s profession?
He owned a brewery.
What 2 things do engines produce?
Heat and work.
What did Joule notice about the relationship between heat and work?
He noticed that the more heat a device produced, the less work it could do per unit of fuel consumed. Minimizing heat meant maximizing work.
What is the definition of a Joule?
It is the amount of kinetic energy imparted to an object when 1 newton of force acts on it over a 1-meter distance.
What is the definition of a calorie?
Equal to 4.17 joules, it is the amount of energy needed to heat 1 gram of water 1 degree centigrade.
What is the definition of the British Thermal Unit (BTU)?
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1-degree Fahrenheit.
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be exchanged.
