Chapters 1-6 Flashcards
Who discovered the proton and when?
Ernest Rutherford, 1917-1919.
How did Thomas Young prove the wave nature of light?
With the double slit experiment. When light is passed through 2 slits, multiple bands of light result, showing an interference pattern. Particles would produce two clear bands.
What are Thomas Young’s dates?
1773-1829
What did Herschel discover about light? When?
In 1800, Herschel discovered that a prism also has an invisible band of light beyond the red. Infrared.
What are Empedocles’s approximate dates?
490-430 B.C.
What are James Chadwick’s dates?
1891-1974.
What are Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit’s dates?
1686-1736
Describe Rutherford’s scattering experiment?
Projected alpha particles through a thin gold foil and detected them on a strip around the foil. Some particles bounced all the way back, suggesting very dense positively charged nucleus.
What did Hertz’s experiment show about the nature of light? When?
In 1887 Hertz demonstrated the photoelectric effect, when light of a certain energy strikes metal, an electric current can be generated. Light transmits energy in packets like particles.
What did Johann Dobereiner note about lithium, sodium, and potassium?
That they are all soft metals that react readily with water to form very alkaline solutions. Hence alkali metals.
What are Georges Claude’s dates?
1870-1960
What are Isaac Newton’s dates?
1642-1727
What are John Dalton’s dates?
1766-1844.
What is the de Broglie wavelength of the Earth moving through space at 30,000 meters/second?
4x10^-63 meters.
Who is widely considered to be the first philosopher to grapple with the concept of fundamental units of matter?
Thales of Miletus.
What are Niels Bohr’s dates?
1885-1962.
Who discovered the Electron and when?
J.J. Thomson in 1897.
Who discovered the neutron and when?
James Chadwick, 1932.
What are the features of the p subshell in an energy level?
It is the second subshell, containing 3 orbitals shaped like a dumbbell centered around the nucleus.
What type of light theory did Aristotle favor?
That light is a wave, a disturbance in the air.
What are Democritus’s approximate dates?
460-370 B.C.
What is the law of multiple proportions?
When 2 elements combine to form more than one compound, the weights of one of the elements that combine with a fixed weight of the other are in a ratio of very simple whole numbers.
What are isotopes?
Elements with the same number of protons in the nucleus, but different numbers of neutrons.
What notion did Aristotle add to Empedocles’s conception of 4 fundamental elements?
That they had specific properties that could be used to organize them. Earth was cold and dry; Fire was Hot and dry, etc.
What is wave-particle duality?
The fact that light acts simultaneously like a wave and like a particle.
When were neon lights invented?
1913.
What are Antoine Lavoisier’s dates?
1743-1794
Who discovered and commercialized neon lighting?
Georges Claude
What are Johann Wilhelm Ritter’s dates?
1776-1810.
What are Louis de Broglie’s dates?
1892-1987.
What are the properties of an electron needed to convey its unique address in the atom?
The orbital’s size, shape and orientation, as well as the electron’s spin.
What are Johann Dobereiner’s dates?
1780-1849
What is the equation de Broglie derived to describe a particle’s wavelength?
lambda = h/p where lambda is wavelength, h is Planck’s constant and p is momentum.
When did Celsius come up with his more systematic temperature scale?
1742.
What did Johann Doberiener note about calcium, strontium, and barium?
They all combine with oxygen in one-to-one ratios and are commonly found in this state in nature. Hence their classification as alkaline earth metals.
What was wrong with Doberiener’s element classification scheme?
He wanted to them to conform to triads, but other elements shared the features of his triads and new elements were discovered such as cesium in 1861 which also added to his supposed triads.
What is the de Broglie wavelength for a high speed electron, one moving 1/50th the speed of light?
About 100 picometers. That’s about the width of an atom.
What did J.J. Thomson do with the cathode-ray tube?
created isolated beams of pure electrons and measured their mass, velocity and charge. Discovered they were much smaller than atoms.
What are the features of the d subshell in an energy level?
It is the third subshell, containing 5 orbitals with complex geometries.