Chapters 13, 14, and 15: CST 110

Question 1

Describe the power of public speaking and how preparation eases natural nervousness (p. 298).

Question 2

Informative speeches aim to increase the audience’s understanding and knowledge of a topic (p. 299).

Question 3

Persuasive speeches are intended to influence the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of an audience (pp. 300-301).

Question 4

Special-occasion speeches are given at common events (like weddings and funerals), and many of us will deliver such a speech at some point in time (p. 303).

Question 5

It is important to understand and appreciate your audience’s expectations for the speech as well as key situational factors (p. 305).

Question 6

Knowing demographics, the quantifiable characteristics of your audience, and psychographics, psychological measures, will help you identify topics that the audience would be interested in learning about (pp. 305-306).

Question 7

You will want to anticipate your audience’s response by considering their motivation, seeking common ground (homogeny), determining prior exposure, and considering disposition (p. 308).

Question 8

You can learn about your audience by observing people, getting to know people, conducting interviews and using surveys, and using the internet (p. 308).

Question 9

Speak about something that inspires you (p. 309).

Question 10

Use brainstorming and clustering to amass information, think creatively, and consider problems and solutions related to your topic (pp. 309-310)

Question 11

A specific purpose statement expresses the topic and the general speech purpose in action form and in terms of the specific objectives you hope to achieve with your presentation (p. 312).

Question 12

Narrow your topic and write a thesis statement, a summary of your central idea (p. 312).

Question 13

Include expert testimony, the opinion of an authority, or lay testimony, opinion based on personal experience (p. 313).

Question 14

Scientific research findings carry wright in topics on medicine, health, media, and the environment; statistics, information in numerical form, can clarify your presentation (pp. 313-314).

Question 15

Anecdotes, relevant personal stories, bring the human experience to the speech (p. 315).

Question 16

Surveys will add the point of view of a larger range of people (p. 316).

Question 17

Use databases to find material, such as directory, library gateway, search engines, and research search engines (pp. 316-317).

Question 18

Honor the basic rules for ethical speaking (p. 317).

Question 19

Take time to evaluate the credibility- the quality, authority, and reliability, of each source you use (p. 318).

Question 20

Up-to-date information convinces the audience of its timeliness (p. 318)

Question 21

Citing accurate and exact sources gains audience respect (p. 319).

Question 22

Compelling information is influential and interesting (p. 319).

Question 23

Avoid plagiarism, presenting someone else’s intellectual property as your own (p. 320).

Question 24

Keep accurate track of all your references to avoid unintentional errors (pp. 321-322)

Question 25

Keeping a running bibliography, the list of resources you have consulted, will free you from having to write the same information over and over (p. 323).

Question 26

Identify your main points, the central claims that support your specific speech purpose and your thesis statement (p. 328).

Question 27

Subpoints support your main points, using the statistics, stories, and other forms of research you discovered on your topic (p. 329).

Question 28

A chronological pattern presents main points in a systematic, time-related fashion (p. 330).

Question 29

A topical pattern is based on categories, such as person, place, thing, or process. The primacy-recency effect argues that audiences are most likely to remember what comes at the beginning and end of messages (p. 330).

Question 30

A spatial pattern arranges points according to physical proximity or direction from one to the next (p. 331).

Question 31

The problem-solution pattern first presents an obstacle and then suggestions for overcoming it (p. 331).

Question 32

The cause-effect pattern moves from the cause of a phenomenon to the results or vice versa (p 331).

Question 33

The narrative pattern uses a story line to tie points together (pp. 331-332).

Question 34

The motivated sequence pattern uses a five-step plan to motivate listeners: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action (p. 332).

Question 35

Build strong transitions, sentences that connect the points so that topics flow naturally (p. 333).

Question 36

Use signposts, key words or phrases that signify transitions (p. 334).

Question 37

Internal previews prime the audience for the content immediately ahead (p. 334).

Question 38

Internal summaries crystallize points in one section before moving on (p. 334).

Question 39

Consider your audience when you chose your words (p. 335).

Question 40

Use simple, unambiguous words (p. 335).

Question 41

Be concise (p. 335).

Question 42

Use vivid language (p. 335).

Question 43

Use repetition, allusions, similes, and metaphors to make a lasting impression (pp. 336-337).

Question 44

Grab listeners’ attention with surprise, a good story, a quote, a question, or humor (pp. 337-338).

Question 45

Introduce your purpose and thesis (p. 340).

Question 46

Preview your main points to provide a mental outline for your audience (p. 340).

Question 47

Establish a relationship with the audience (p. 341).

Question 48

Signal the end to ask for listeners’ full attention, and wrap up quickly (p. 341).

Question 49

Reiterate your topic, purpose, and main points (pp. 341-342).

Question 50

Make a final impact with a memorable closing quote, statement, question, or story (p. 342).

Question 51

Challenge the audience to respond with a call to action- what you hope they will do in response to the speech (p. 343).

Question 52

The outline puts the hierarchy or points into a text format (p. 344).

Question 53

The hierarchy of points for a strong outline will show each point supported by two or more subpoenas (pp. 344-345).

Question 54

There are three essential styles of outlines (from most detailed to sparest): sentence outline, phrase outline, and key-word outline (pp. 347-349).

Question 55

Write a preparation outline (or working outline) to organize and develop your speech (p. 349).

Question 56

The speaking outline (or delivery outline) is your final speech plan (p. 349).

Question 57

Add delivery cues, brief reminders about important information, to your speaking outline (p. 349).

Question 58

Oral citations, references to source materials to be included in your narrative, should also be included in your speaking outline (p. 349).

Question 59

Public speaking anxiety (PSA) is the nervousness we experience when we know we have to communicate publicly to an audience (p. 360).

Question 60

Communication apprehension (CA), the general fear or anxiety surrounding communication with others, is a common barrier to effective delivery (p. 360).

Question 61

Common anxiety triggers include upsetting past experiences, fear of evaluation, and distaste for attention (p. 361).

Question 62

Confidence comes from being prepared, desensitizing yourself, visualizing success (particularly through performance visualization), taking care of yourself, and lots of practice (pp. 361-362).

Question 63

Speaking from manuscript is helpful when you need to get the details 100 percent correct but can be static and dull (pp. 363-364).

Question 64

Speaking from memory, referred to as oratory, does not invite rapport with the audience and is rare today (p. 364).

Question 65

Speaking spontaneously- when you are asked to speak with no warning beforehand- is known as impromptu speaking (pp. 364-365).

Question 66

Extemporaneous speaking makes the speech look easy and spontaneous, but it is actually based on an outline of key points and practice, practice, practice (pp. 365-366).

Question 67

Use pitch to vary your sound range and avoid a monotone (p. 367).

Question 68

Cue the audience as to what is important by adjusting your speaking rate and volume (p. 367).

Question 69

Add drama to the speech by pausing for effect (p. 367).

Question 70

Speak clearly and precisely: use proper punctuation, practice careful articulation, and avoid mumbling (pp. 367-368).

Question 71

Avoid verbal fillers, or vocalized pauses that disrupt speech such as “um,” “ah,” “so,” “you know,” “ok,” and “like,” and “upspeak” -the tendency to raise ones voice at the end of sentences (p. 368).

Question 72

If you have an accent, be aware of how it might be influence your audience (p. 368).

Question 73

Dress appropriately for the speaking occasion (p. 369).

Question 74

Make brief eye contact with almost everyone, using the technique known as scanning (p. 370).

Question 75

Facial expressions and gestures must match the verbal message of your speech (p. 370).

Question 76

Maintain a steady, confident posture by positioning your legs at a distance equal to your shoulders, with slightly bent knees, in the stance known as planting (p. 371).

Question 77

Share your passion for the topic with your audience through effective use of emotion (p. 372).

Question 78

Gauge the audience response and adapt to it (p. 372).

Question 79

Generate immediacy with your audience (p. 372).

Question 80

Effective presentation aids help listeners process and retain information, promote interest and motivation, and convey information clearly and concisely (p. 374).

Question 81

Based on the needs of your presentation, you can choose among helpful presentation aid types, including props and models, media clips and images, graphs and charts (including bar graphs and pie charts), posters and transparencies, flip charts and whiteboards, handouts, and presentation slideware (pp. 375-378).

Question 82

Make sure the key words in your speaking outline are meaningful prompts (p. 379).

Question 83

Do a run-through with your presentation aids (particularly the electronic ones), and try to simulate the actual speaking conditions (p. 379).

Question 84

Focus on the message (p. 380).