Chapter 1,2, and 3

Question 1

Define Communication

Answer 1

The process by which we use symbols, signs, and behaviors to exchange information (p.4)

Question 2

True or False? Communication is much more complex than “common sense” (pp. 4-5)

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Define Functions

Answer 3

They explain how communication behaviors work (or do not work) to accomplish goals.

Question 4

Define Relationships

Answer 4

The interconnections, or interdependence, between two or more people that function to achieve some goal (p. 6)

Question 5

What does relationship interdependence mean?

Answer 5

It means that what we do affects others, and vice versa (p. 6).

Question 6

What are the three primary functions in communication?

Answer 6

• Expressing affiliation, or feelings for others (p. 6)
• Managing relationships
• Influencing others to negotiate control in situations and relationships (p. 6)

Question 7

What is affiliation?

Answer 7

Feelings for others

Question 8

What are the 6 characteristics of communication?

Answer 8

• Communication relies on symbols
• Communication requires a shared code
• Communication is linked to culture
• Communication may be intentional or unintentional
• Communication requires a channel
• Communication is a transactional process

Question 9

Define symbols

Answer 9

Arbitrary constructions related to the people, things, or concepts to which they refer (p. 7).

Question 10

Define code

Answer 10

A set of symbols that creates a meaningful message.

Question 11

Define encoding?

Answer 11

The process of producing and sending a message

Question 12

Define decoding?

Answer 12

The process of receiving a message and making sense of it.

Question 13

Define channel?

Answer 13

The method through which something occurs.

Question 14

What does transactional process mean?

Answer 14

You influence others while they influence you (p. 10).

Question 15

Describe competent communication?

Answer 15

When communication is focused more on the process than it is the outcome (pp. 11-12).

Question 16

What is ethics?

Answer 16

The study of morals.

Question 17

Communication is appropriate when it meets the ________ of the situation?

Answer 17

Demands.

Question 18

What does behavioral flexibility involve?

Answer 18

It involves knowing and using a number of different behaviors to achieve appropriate communication.

Question 19

Communication is ________ when it achieves desired goals?

Answer 19

Effective.

Question 20

True or False? Ethical communication is moral communication?

Answer 20

True

Question 21

What are communication skills?

Answer 21

Behaviors that help communicators achieve their goals.

Question 22

Describe the linear model?

Answer 22

A sender originates the message, carried through a channel, perhaps interfered with by noise, to the receiver.

Question 23

How does the interaction model expand on the linear model?

Answer 23

By including feedbacks between the receiver and the sender (p. 16).

Question 24

What is rhetoric?

Answer 24

The act of speaking well. Informed citizens become aware of the power of speaking out (p. 21).

Question 25

What is a dyad?

Answer 25

Two individuals (such as husband and wife) maintaining a sociologically significant relationship.

Question 26

What are the three contextual spheres in which individuals communicate?

Answer 26

• Relational context
• Situational context
• Cultural context

Question 27

What is mediated communication?

Answer 27

Some technology is used to deliver messages between sources and receivers.

Question 28

What is digital communication?

Answer 28

The transmission of digitally encoded data (text, images, video, voice) over electronic networks (p. 28)

Question 29

When did developments change rapidly?

Answer 29

Developments changed rapidly from limited internet and mobile phone use for few Americans in the 1990’s and 2000’s to near total access today of a wide array of Internet uses and smartphone applications (pp. 28-29).

Question 30

Changes to digital technologies are ongoing and appear to be the beginnings of an _________?

Answer 30

Internet of things

Question 31

What is the internet of things?

Answer 31

In which digital technologies are embedded in all aspects of our daily lives.

Question 32

What is media synchronicity theory argue?

Answer 32

It argues that some channels enable greater synchronicity, the ability to communicate back and forth rapidly in a coordinated exchange of messages (p. 31).

Question 33

The effective use of synchronous or asynchronous channels depends on the fit between the channel and our communications goals, including our expectations about response times, our understanding of the situation and the potential benefits of lag time (p. 32).

Question 34

Channels that afford greater richness allow for more visual, vocal, and personality cues. These channels also have more naturalness, in that they simulate the more biologically natural communication we experience when interacting with people’s real faces and voices (p.33).

Question 35

Social information processing theory explains how we use technology creatively to compensate for the lack of nonverbal cues of computer-mediated communication (p.33).

Answer 35

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Question 36

Digital channels vary as to how much our messages may be private or public. Messages that are stored have replicability, which means that they can be shared with larger audiences (p.35).

Question 37

It is difficult to maintain control of messages on social media because of context collapse, the blurring of our social boundaries and combining of formerly separate audiences (p. 35)

Question 38

When we invite large numbers of people on the internet to save a problem or provide information, we are engaging in crowdsourcing (p. 36).

Question 39

Enterprise social media enables organizations in particular to allow workers to post and view organizational messages and engage with work team on idea-sharing (p. 37).

Question 40

Social media can provide online peer-to-peer support, in which people rely on their social connections to help with personal, physical, and mental health problems. Online connections also build social capital, the broad set of resources that come from having connections and relationships with people (pp. 37-38).

Question 41

Charity and social causes can be supported through crowdfunding, using websites and social media campaigns to raise public support and financial backing (p.38).

Question 42

Although access to technology is now more widespread than ever, some. digital disparities remain in terms of access to multiple devices and ability to use digital media effectively (p.40).

Question 43

Comparing ourselves to the idealized images presented in social media can lead to poor mental well-being. If we have a fear of missing out, excessive use of our phones to check social media can interfere with everyday life. We may benefit from taking a “break” from social media to reduce our drive for digital recognition. (p. 41).

Question 44

We may need to take special care to see through deceptive digital content, such as highly manipulated photos and profiles, disguised advertisements, and bot-generated fraudulent followers, comment, and reviews (p.40).

Question 45

Cyber criminals often try to get personal information from you by phishing, sending an “urgent” message that asks you to provide your password or open an attachment (p.44). They may also attack by doxing you, hacking your accounts and posting personal information about you publicly in order to invite harassment (p. 44).

Question 46

Perception is the cognitive process that helps us make sense of the world (p. 50).

Question 47

Cognitive processing is how we gather, organize, an devaluate information we receive (p. 50).

Question 48

From our life experiences, we develop schemas, mental structures that represent various categories patterns of people and situations (p. 50).

Question 49

Social construction explains that schemas are socially constructed perceptions of reality (p. 51).

Question 50

Interaction appearance theory explains how people change their perception of someone else as they spend more time together (p. 51).

Question 51

Schemas present three challenges to effective communication: 1) mindlessness is a passive response to information that can be corrected by mindfulness, focusing on the task at hand; and 3) distorted perception involves schemas with inaccuracies (pp. 51-52).

Question 52

Attributions are our explanations for why someone says or does something (p. 52).

Question 53

The fundamental attribution error is our tendency to assume that another person’s wrong behavior stems from an internal flaw, whereas the self-serving bias attributes our own failures to external causes. The negativity bias occurs when we focus on the negative over positive or neutral attributes (p. 53).

Question 54

Effective communication depends on understanding how diversity, the variables that make us unique, affects perception (p. 54).

Question 55

A narrow perspective results in a failure to see beyond our own beliefs and circumstances and blinds us to alternative points of view (p. 55).

Question 56

Stereotyping, or generalizing about people based on their group membership, limits our ability to see the individual and can lead to prejudice, ill will toward a particular group, and a sense of one’s own superiority (p. 56).

Question 57

Improve your perceptions by verifying them, being thoughtful, looking beyond first impressions, and questioning your assumptions (p. 57).

Question 58

We receive both direct and indirect evidence about the self (p. 69).

Question 59

We are more willing to interact in situations where we feel we have strengths and where our self-concept is confirmed by others (p. 60).

Question 60

We compare ourselves to others, even idealized images in the media, according to social comparison theory- often to our own disadvantage (p. 60). Gender identity is the personal sense of one’s own gender, which may or may not be tied to the reproductive organs of a person’s birth. Racial identity is the sum of the physical, social, linguistic, ethnic, and racial aspects of self (p. 59).

Question 61

Self-esteem is how we feel about ourselves in a particular situation (p. 60).

Question 62

Communication apprehension is a general fear or anxiety about having to communicate with others (p. 61).

Question 63

Self-efficacy is the ability to predict our effectiveness in a communication situation. Inaccurate self efficacy may lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy, whereby we change our behavior in ways that make our prediction more likely to come true (pp. 61-62).

Question 64

We assess our communication effectiveness through the lenses of self-actualization (high performance), self adequacy (adequate performance), and self-denigration (poor performance) (pp. 63-65).

Question 65

Self presentation is intentional communication designed to let others know about ourselves. We often present the self through narratives, stories about ourselves or our experiences (p. 66).

Question 66

Self-monitoring is your ability to watch your environment and others in it for cues about how to present yourself in a particular situation.

Question 67

The tendency to watch our environment and others in it for cues as to how to present ourselves is called self-monitoring (p. 67).

Question 68

Sharing important information about ourselves is self disclosure (p. 68).

Answer 68

Self disclosure

Question 69

We can more easily control presentation of self online than in face-to-face encounters but that does not mean that everyone does it effectively (pp. 69-70).