chapters 12-13 (age 18-40)

Question 1

describe health of individuals and health compromising behaviours

Answer 1

• age related: peak performance at 20, growth is complete and physical functioning is stable
• pathological ageing: illness, abnormality, genetic factors, exposure to unhealthy environments
• health compromising behaviours: diet, exercise, smoking, eating disorders, stress, alcohol and drug abuse, unsafe sex
• health risks: cancers, cirrhosis of liver, stroke, heart disease, obesity, road fatalities, injuries, problem drinking and alcoholism
• stress: emotional arousal of the mind and body’s response to demands, physiological (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) and psychological (primary / secondary appraisal)
• sex related: attitudes, preferences and behaviours, common sexual dysfunction

Question 2

describe cognitive development changes / intelligence

Answer 2

• piaget (formal operational): final, logical mathematical thought, conceptualisation of mature cognition
• limitations: unsatisfactory, overemphasises abstraction, underemphasises ambiguities of life
• post formal: new model, follows formal operational, knowledge is relative / non-absolute, subjective and contradicting
• schaie’s (achieving): second stage, meet personal goals
• intelligence: low crystallised intelligence and peak fluid intelligence

Question 3

describe moral development changes

Answer 3

• kohlberg’s stages: focus on abstract ethical principles of justice, ignore social / emotional context of moral decision making
• gender differences: males resolve dilemmas using justice approach and females the care approach, represent differences in power, usually differences arise due to experience not gender

Question 4

describe timing of events

Answer 4

• social expectations: impact development, timing of events theories, time where people ‘fall behind’ social clock, means of keeping up with age-appropriate group

Question 5

what are the crisis theories involved / personality changes

Answer 5

• erikson’s intimacy vs isolation: intimacy (permanent commitment to life partner) and isolation (loneliness, self-absorption, hesitant, fear of losing identity)
• harvard grant study: growth and development are lifelong, isolated events rarely shape lives, sustained relationships do, adaptive mechanisms / coping styles determine level of mental health
• levinsons seasons: novice phase (3 periods, developing occupation, establishing relationships, dream of adult accomplishment) and culminating phase (2 periods, celebrate occupational goals, building a life)

Question 6

what is the purpose of post secondary education

Answer 6

• purpose: exposure, cognitive growth, relativistic thinking, increased self-understanding
• contributing factors: lack of cultural capital, lack of support, lack of flexibility in systems
• systemic oppression: navigator (high achiever, goal driven), juggler (reassessing priorities, high achiever) and explorer (high self awareness, performance driven, fears distractions)

Question 7

describe career stages experienced

Answer 7

• organisational entry age (18-25): obtain job offer(s), from desired organisation(s), select appropriate job based on accurate information
• early career age (25-40): learn job and organisational rules and norms, fit into chosen occupation and organisation, increase competence, pursue ‘dream’

Question 8

what are issues in the workplace that arise

Answer 8

• women: glass ceiling (low paying / advancement jobs), discontinuous (child rearing, work-life balance)
• occupational segregation: females entering traditionally male occupations, race, ethnicity, migrant workers (low-paid unskilled jobs)
• sexual harassment: unwelcome sexual behaviour in workplace, aggression, abuse of power, physical . verbal abuse, unwelcome sexual advances, limits victims ability to function effectively

Question 9

describe intimate relationships present

Answer 9

• friendship: self-esteem, buffer against stress, encourages health promoting behaviours / independence, men (bond over shared activity / interests), women (bond over emotional sharing of confidences)
• love: passion, intimacy, commitment, empty / romantic / companionate / fatuous / consummate love
• marriage: egalitarian (equal), conventional (male provider), junior partner (equal and conventional), promotes happiness, increase health / financial status

Question 10

describe parenthood and other choices in regards to children

Answer 10

• parenthood: pressure to conform, fulfilment / identity issues, move focus from ones own needs
• new families: great psychological disruption, postnatal distress / partners participation
• single: increasing, often financially disadvantaged (children in poverty)
• homosexual: healthy development can occur in homes that vary in race, ethnicity and SES
• child free: circumstance (wanting but unable, articulator) or choice (negative stigma, harsh, postponer)
• infertility: unable to conceive / carry, donor insemination, IVF, GIFT, ICSI, surrogacy

Question 11

describe divorce / remarriage / blended / other options

Answer 11

• divorce / separation: legislative changes, personality, demographic variables, lack of consensus
• remarriage: quality relates to background / contextual factors, attributes of individuals involved
• blended: brings together adults, children and ex-spouses, complex, difficulty adapting
• other lifestyles: single hood, cohabitation (unmarried), homosexual (cohabitation)