Chapters 11-14: Madison, the Second War for Independence, Nationalism, and Jacksonian Democracy Flashcards
When was Macon’s Bill No. 2?
1810
What did Macon’s Bill No. 2 replace?
The Non-Intercourse Act
What did Macon’s Bill No 2. allow?
It allowed trade with all nations including
Britain and France. But it promised to reimpose a trade embargo against either of the warring nations if the other lifted its trade restrictions and promised to respect America’s neutral rights.
What was Napoleon’s and Britain’s response to Macon’s Bill No. 2?
Later that year, Napoleon said the French commercial restrictions would be lifted. But he
attached the contingency that the British Orders in Council must also be lifted, a contingency that essentially made his offer meaningless. Nevertheless, in February of 1811, Madison reestablished non-intercourse against Britain (even though the French continued to seize American ships). Britain refused to repeal its Orders in Council, and Madison recalled the American ambassador to England.
What was was a key factor in the US decision to declare war against Britain in June of 1812?
The continued tension over trade between the US and Britain following Macon’s Bill No. 2.
Who were the War Hawks?
Who were they led by?
These were a group of young, pro-war members of Congress first elected in 1810 and led by
Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.
What were some of the beliefs of the War Hawks?
The war hawks favored war as a means of dealing with the threat posed by Native Americans
(thought to be supported by the British), of responding to British insults to America’s neutral rights, and of expanding American territory by conquering Canada and Florida (held by Britain’s ally, Spain).
Who was Tecumseh and the Prophet and what did he want?
Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, and his brother Tenskwatawa, known as the Prophet, sought to halt the flood of whites into the Ohio and Indiana territories. They urged Indians to return to traditional ways and renounce alcohol. They pledged not to cede any land to whites unless all Indians agreed.
Who was William Henry Harrison and what did he do?
In 1811, Harrison, the governor of Indiana Territory, led an army against Tecumseh and the Prophet. He was victorious at the Battle of Tippecanoe.
What was the result of Harrison’s victory at the Battle of Tippeanoe?
Harrison became a national hero (and later president). The defeat forced Tecumseh
into an alliance with the British.
What was the significance of USS Constitution (Old Ironsides)?
The Constitution won more battles than any other early American naval vessel, most notably against the British warship Guerrière in 1812.
Why were American ships so successful?
Skillfully handled, had better gunners, and were manned by nonpress-gang crews who were eager to avenge violations of neutral rights by Britain.
Who was Captain Oliver H. Perry?
American invasions of Canada in the War of 1812 were fruitless, but Captain Perry’s naval
victory on Lake Erie (“We have met the enemy and they are ours.”) inspired the nation.
Who was Thomas Macdonough and why was he significant?
1814
The British attempted an invasion through the New York lake-and-river route. Macdonough won a significant naval battle on Lake Champlain—the Battle of Plattsburgh.
Why was Thomas Macdonough’s victory significant?
Macdonough’s victory at Plattsburgh saved New York from conquest, kept New England from drifting away from the Union, and strengthened the position of American peace negotiators in Europe.
When was the Battle of New Orleans?
1815
What happened in the Battle of New Orleans significant?
A large British invasion force was repelled by Andrew Jackson’s troops at New Orleans. About 2500 British soldiers were killed or captured, while in the American army only eight men were killed.
Why was the Battle of New Orleans significant?
The Treaty of Ghent had ended the War of 1812 two weeks before the battle. Nonetheless, this victory inspired American nationalism and made Jackson a national hero (and later president).
When was the Hartford Convention?
1814
What happened in the Hartford Convention?
This was a convention of New England Federalists hurt by trade restrictions and who opposed
the War of 1812. They proposed several amendments to the Constitution (repeal of the Three- fifths Compromise to limit Southern representation in Congress and a requirement of a two- thirds vote in Congress to declare war, admit new states, or impose a long-term embargo). They also discussed (but rejected) the idea of seceding from the US if their desires were ignored.
What were the results of the Hartford Convention?
News of the Hartford Convention arrived in Washington at the same time as news of Jackson’s victory. This talk seemed disloyal; it turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party.
When was the Treaty of Ghent?
1814
What did the Treaty of Ghent state?
The treaty essentially restored the pre-war conditions. The two sides agreed to stop fighting and return to pre-war boundaries.
No mention was made of neutral rights, but the war between France and Britain had ended, so these were no longer pressing issues.
When was the Rush-Bagot Agreement?
1817
What was agreed upon in the Rush-Bagot Agreement?
This treaty between the US and Great Britain provided for the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. This was later expanded into an unarmed Canada/US border.
Why was the Rush-Bagot Agreement significant?
This agreement was significant as a sign of improved relations between the two nations and as an early example of arms control.
When was the Second Bank of the United States approved?
1816
The Second BUS was approved by Congress, this time with support from the Democratic- Republicans who now saw the BUS as in the nation’s interest.
Why was the Second Bank of the United States needed?
In 1811 the charter for the first BUS had expired. Following that state banks had filled the void, issuing unsound paper money. In addition, the federal government lacked a secure depository for its funds.
What was the Tariff of 1816’s purpose and how high was it?
Earlier tariffs had been designed to provide revenue; this one was intended to protect American infant industries from British competition by imposing higher rates.
This tariff imposed rates averaging 20% to 25%.
When did Henry Clay propose the American System?
1824
What was the American System?
Henry Clay proposed a system of government programs that would benefit and link together all parts of the nation.
He proposed a protective tariff and a strong banking system to stimulate northeastern
manufacturing. Revenues from the tariff would finance a system of roads and canals to allow southern and western farmers to transport their crops to market easily and to allow the return flow of eastern manufactured goods.
When was the Bonus Bill?
1817
What was the Bonus Bill?
Did it get passed?
John C. Calhoun proposed his Bonus Bill which would use the bonus and dividends paid to the national government by the Second Bank of the United States as a $1.5 million fund for internal improvements to be allocated to the states.
President Madison vetoed the bill, saying that the Constitution did not expressly give Congress the power to fund internal improvements.
When was the Era of Good Feelings?
1816-1824
What happened in the Era of Good Feelings?
Apparent lack of partisan political strife
In the election of 1816, James Monroe trounced Rufus King, the last of the Federalist candidates. Monroe was overwhelmingly reelected in the election of 1820 with no opposition whatsoever.
Despite the lack of party conflict, this was a time of increasing sectional tension over tariffs, internal improvements, and slavery.
Explain the growth of Nationalism.
The War of 1812 had stimulated a sense of national pride. This was manifested in the continued construction of the capitol in Washington, in the emergence of a new national literature (Cooper, Irving), and in a willingness to expand the powers of the federal government for economic development.
Explain Panic of 1819 & Wildcat Banks.
This was largely caused by over-speculation in western lands. State (wildcat) banks had issued paper currency not supported by specie (gold or silver) and had extended easy credit, encouraging farmers and speculators to buy more land.
When business conditions took a downturn, the BUS demanded wildcat banks redeem their notes in specie. When they could not do so, the wildcat banks required the repayment of the loans they had made. This led to foreclosures and a dramatic drop in land prices.
This resulted in a mistrust of banks and in a demand for higher protective tariffs for American products.
What was the significance of Robert Fulton & Steamboats?
In 1807 Fulton’s Clermont demonstrated the viability of steamboat transportation by traveling upriver from New York City to Albany in thirty-two hours.
Upstream transportation was now possible at ten times previous speeds, lowering prices dramatically.
The West and South could, as a result, export agricultural products and import manufactured
goods more cheaply, stimulating the economies of those regions.
When was the Tallmadge Amendment?
1819
What happened in the Tallmadge Amendment?
This measure sought to block admission of Missouri as a slave state by blocking further importation of slaves into the state and requiring the gradual emancipation of existing slaves.
The South managed to defeat the amendment in the Senate. But this raised Southern concerns that the North might try to ban slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory and perhaps even attack slavery in the South.
When was the Missouri Compromise?
1820
What was the Missouri Compromise?
To maintain the sectional balance between North and South, Missouri was allowed to enter the Union as a slave state at the same time Maine entered as a free state.
Also, the Louisiana Purchase north of 36 30ʹ, except Missouri, was closed to slavery.
When was McCulloch v. Maryland?
1819
What happened in McCulloch v. Maryland?
Maryland had taxed the BUS $15,000 per year because it didn’t want out-of-state banks competing with in-state banks.
Maryland argued that the federal government was created by sovereign states, and the powers of the federal government had been delegated to it by the states. Therefore, the federal government should do as the states said.
However, Chief Justice Marshall supported the federal government. He ruled that Congress is granted the expressed powers to collect taxes and borrow money; it also may make laws necessary and proper for carrying out expressed powers. Congress, furthermore, is not explicitly forbidden from creating a bank. Therefore, the BUS was constitutional.
This case established the principles of national supremacy (if there is a conflict between the federal government and the state governments when both are acting legally, the federal government prevails) and implied powers (the federal government can do whatever is necessary and proper to carry out the expressed powers granted by the Constitution).
When was Cohens v. Virginia?
1821
What happened in Cohens v. Virginia?
Philip and Mendes Cohen had broken a Virginia law that forbade the selling of lottery tickets that were not state-authorized. The Cohens were arrested for selling lottery tickets from Washington, D.C.
Virginia won the case, but Chief Justice Marshall again asserted the power of the central government over the states. In this case, he ruled that the Supreme Court has the power to exercise its appellate jurisdiction over the judgment of a state court involving the validity of state legislation.
