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APUSH > Chapters 1-3: Colonization of the New World > Flashcards

Chapters 1-3: Colonization of the New World Flashcards

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1
Q

What did movement away from feudalistic societies provide?

A

Unity, power, and resources to explore new lands, conquer existing civilizations, and colonize the land

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2
Q

When did Charles II ascend the throne?

A

1660

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3
Q

What did the restoration of Charles II lead to?

A

England began colonization efforts after a hiatus during Cromwell’s reign.

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4
Q

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?

A

Sponsored voyages that sent Portuguese explorers down the west coast of Africa towards the East

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5
Q

Who was Vasco de Gama?

A

The first person to reach India by Prince Henry the Navigator’s water route in 1498

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6
Q

How many languages were spoken in North America?

A

over 200

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7
Q

How many tribes were in North America?

A

over 500

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8
Q

What was the Colombian Exchange?

A

The transfer of animals, plants, people, culture, and diseases
Apple Cider

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9
Q

What did Europe receive from the New World?

A

Syphilis, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco

Say, can potatoes take trains?

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10
Q

What did the New World receive from Europe?

A

Horses, cattle, wheat, rice
Smallpox, measles, cholera
Horrible Cacti Will Rot
Spiders Marinate CDs

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11
Q

What and when was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

A

1494

The Pope divided the New World in-between Spain and Portugal

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12
Q

What happened to the Spanish Armada?

How did this affect England and Spain?

A

1588 - Phillip II of Spain invaded England to defeat Protestantism
Faster, Smaller, more Maneuverable English Ships overwhelmed the Spanish
Weakened imperial aspirations of Spain
Marked the beginning of England’s dominance of the oceans - led to colonization

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13
Q

What was the Black Legend?

What was something good that the Spanish did?

A

Spaniards only tortured and butchered Native Americans, stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left misery behind.
Created culture of mestizos - laws, religion, and language have lasted

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14
Q

What was the encomienda system?

A

Grant from the Spanish crown for control over the natives. Spanish landowner was entitled to tribute from the natives in gold, crops, or labor.
NOT SLAVERY

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15
Q

Who was Juan de Sepulveda and Bartolome de las Casas?

What impact did they have on colonization?

A

1550 - debate over whether or not natives had souls

Las Casas persuaded King Charles V to uphold laws that attempted to reform the encomienda system

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16
Q

Who was Onate and what role did he play in the Acoma Rebellion?

A

1598 - Onate wanted to conquer New Mexico for Spain and grant encomiendas to his followers.
The Acoma Pueblo rebelled, so he cut off the right foot of every man.

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17
Q

Who was Popé and what role did he play in the Pueblo Rebellion?

A

1680
New Mexican Pueblo Indian who led a rebellion against Spanish rule
Killed 400 Spaniards, destroyed mission churches
By 1696, Spain regained control of the area

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18
Q

What was the Virginia Company?

A

A joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I of England for a settlement in the New World.
The Charter granted settlers that same rights as home (cornerstone of American liberties).

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19
Q

What is a joint-stock company and what was the significance of these companies?

A

Allowed investors to pool their capital
Sent people to the New World
Put a lot of pressure on people to raise money in the New World or else they would be liquidated for profit and abandoned

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20
Q

What is a proprietary colony?

A

A colony that belongs to an owner, usually a royal grant

Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania

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21
Q

What is a royal colony?

A

Colonies under direct control of the king

Had a governor and a governor’s council

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22
Q

Who was John Rolfe?

What impact did he have on Virginia?

A

English settler at Jamestown that married Pocahontas
Imported to Virginia a new variety of tobacco, more palatable to European tastes
Made Virginia a valuable export and an economically viable colony

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23
Q

Who was Lord Baltimore?

A

Founder of Maryland in 1634

Motives: financial profit, a refuge for Catholics (England was Protestant)

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24
Q

What was the Act for Religious Toleration?

Who drafted it?

A

1649 - religious tension between Catholics and Protestants in Maryland
Lord Baltimore drafted it

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25
Q

Who was Walter Raleigh?

A

Organized the North Carolina Roanoke Colony
Landed in 1585
Disappeared by 1591
He introduced tobacco and potato to Europe
Favorite of Queen Elizabeth I

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26
Q

Who was James Oglethorpe?

A

Founder of Georgia in 1733

Interested in prison reform and wanted to create a haven for indebted people

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27
Q

What purposes did Georgia serve?

A

Haven for people imprisoned for debt

Buffer between Spanish and Carolinas

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28
Q

Who was John Smith?

A

Saved Virginia from collapse by his leadership and resourcefulness
Took over in 1608 and made people work on food and not gold mining

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29
Q

Explain Spanish settlement patterns.

A

Wanted to:
extract wealth from land
subjugate natives (encomienda)
convert natives to Christianity

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30
Q

Explain French and Dutch settlement patterns.

A

Relatively few Europeans
Relied on trade and intermarrying
Built diplomatic and economic relationships

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31
Q

Explain English settlement patterns.

A 
Large amount of male and female migrants
Wanted:
social mobility
economic prosperity
religious freedom
improved living conditions
SERI
Focused on agriculture and lived separately from the natives
32
Q

Describe the Protestant Reformation.

A

1517 - Martin Luther nailed protests to Catholic doctrines

Led to religious conflict, missionary zeal, and development of Puritanism

33
Q

Who was John Calvin?

A

Protestant theologian
predestination and the elect
FOUNDATION OF PURITANISM

34
Q

Describe the Protestant Ethic.

A

Puritans were called to do God’s work on Earth. Commitment to work and world affairs

35
Q

Who were the Pilgrims?

A

Separatists
Negotiated with the Virginia Company, missed their destination
Landed in 1620 after establishing Mayflower Compact

36
Q

What was the Mayflower Compact?

A

Agreement on the Mayflower to form a government body and submit to the will of the majority

37
Q

Who were the Puritans?

What did they form?

A

Separate from impurities of the Church of England or Anglican church
Formed Massachusetts Bay Company
- 1630 - started colonizing Mass. and West Indies

38
Q

Who was Roger Williams?

Which colony did he found?

A

Extreme Separatist
Criticized Puritan leaders of Massachusetts Bay Colony, denying the authority of government to regulate religion and condemning the expropriation of land from the natives without fair compensation
Founded Rhode Island in 1636
- adopted policies of separation of church and state and religious toleration

39
Q

Who was Anne Hutchinson?

A

Extreme Puritan
antinomianism - don’t need to follow God’s rules
Banished from the Bay Colony and moved to Rhode Island

40
Q

Who was William Bradford?

A

Sailed to America on the Mayflower and landed in 1620
Was governor of Plymouth Colony and was reelected 33 times
Was worried that non-Puritan settlements would corrupt them

41
Q

Who was John Winthrop?

A

Governor of Massachusetts
Wanted a covenant with God
“city on a hill”

42
Q

What were the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut?

A

1639 - first written constitution in North America
Democratic system where voters elected a governor and legislature
Did not limit voting to church members

43
Q

Describe New Haven.

A

1638
Wanted to be governed strictly by biblical law
Became part of Connecticut in 1665

44
Q

Describe Maine.

A

1623 - founded by Fernando Gorges of England

1677 - Massachusetts purchased land from Gorges’ heirs

45
Q

Describe New Hampshire.

A

Populated by people who left Massachusetts for political reasons
1641 - absorbed by Massachusetts
1679 - became a separate royal colony

46
Q

What was the New England Confederation?

A

1643
Alliance between Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven
Common defense against French, Dutch, and Indians
***Was the first alliance between American colonies - possibility of working together

47
Q

What was King Philip’s War?

A

1675-1676
Indian leader Metacom (known as King Philip) struck back at whites for intruding on land in New England.
Destroyed towns and killed 5% of white settlers.
Was a devastating defeat to Native Americans actually.

48
Q

When was Charles I beheaded?

What system of government was put into place after his death?

A

1649

A republic

49
Q

When was Charles II restored?

A

1660

50
Q

What was the effect of the Restoration in 1660?

A

Charles II was determined to reassert royal control over the American Colonies, ending salutary neglect

51
Q

What did the Dominion of New England do?

A 
1686-1689
King James II wanted control over colonies
Stricter enforcement of Navigation Acts
Strengthen colonial defenses against French and Indians
Under Governor Andros, the British:
limited town meetings
imposed unapproved taxes
enforced Navigation Acts
 - led to increased smuggling
52
Q

What was the result of the Glorious Revolution?

A

1688
James II ousted
Dominion of England collapsed

53
Q

Describe New Netherland.

A

1621
Dutch colony
Focused on fur trading, occupied Manhattan and Hudson River Valley
Anyone who would bring 50 settlers was offered a patronship and land where they could control taxes, courts, and government
1664 - seized by English

54
Q

Describe New Sweden.

A

1638
Swedish colony on the Delaware River
Base for fur trading and tobacco
1655 - conquered by the Dutch

55
Q

Who was William Penn?

A 
Given huge amount of land by the English crown - created Pennsylvania in 1681
Haven for Quakers
Offered religious freedom
Catholics and Jews could not vote
Good relations with Indians
Delaware was also granted to Penn
56
Q

Which colonies were the Middle Colonies?

A

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

57
Q

What are three characteristics of the Middle Colonies?

A
  1. Rich, fertile soil - rich exports of grain
  2. Deep harbors - encouraged shipping and trade
  3. Broad rivers - facilitated transportation but did not power industry
58
Q

What was mercantilism?

A

An economic theory that stated that:

  1. A nation’s strength was based on the amount of gold and silver it possessed (then it could obtain ships, weapons, troops, etc)
  2. A nation obtained more gold and silver by exporting more than it imported
  3. Colonies were to help the mother country become wealthier by sending in raw materials and buying manufactured materials from the mother country
59
Q

What were some Acts under mercantilism?

A

Wool Act of 1699 - no exporting wool
Molasses Act of 1733 - tax on non-British imports
Iron Act of 1750 - limiting knife manufacturing

60
Q

When was the Glorious Revolution?
What happened?
How did it affect New England?

A

1688-1689
Dethroned James II (unpopular and Catholic)
Replaced by Protestant William III and Mary
Dominion of New England collapsed
Led to a period of salutary neglect

61
Q

What was salutary neglect?

A

Non-enforcement of mercantilism
Britain was focusing on struggles with France
Lasted until end of French and Indian War in 1763

62
Q

Why was the Chesapeake unhealthy?

What was the result?

A

Settlers died an average of 10 years early
Malaria, typhoid, other diseases
Families were fragile, social restrictions were weaker, society was more individualistic

63
Q

What was the Headright System?

A

System in Virginia and Maryland that encouraged the importation of indentured servants
Gave 50 acres of land to to whoever paid for the passage of someone to the New World

64
Q

Who were indentured servants?

A

People who promised to work for several years in exchange for transatlantic passage and eventual freedom dues (corn, clothes, a little land)
Made up 3/4 of all European immigrants to Virginia and Maryland in the 17th century

65
Q

What happened in Bacon’s Rebellion?

What was the result?

A

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and indentured servants rebelled against the rule of Governor Berkeley.
Bacon had come into conflict with the natives over land in Virginia.
Berkeley supported natives because of fur trade.
Bacon bured Jamestown.
Bacon died of disease, Berkeley regained control.
People started looking for black slaves instead of indentured servants.

66
Q

When was the introduction of black slavery?

A

1619

67
Q

Who brought the first black slaves to America?

A

Dutch traders

68
Q

When did the British monopoly on American slave trade end?

A

1698

69
Q

What was the Middle Passage?

What were the death rates?

A

The slaves’ journey from Africa to America

20% death rate

70
Q

What was the New York City Slave Rebellion?

What was the result?

A 
1712
23 slaves set fire to a building
9 whites killed
27 captured - all died
Result:
New York slave laws tightened
Another rebellion happened in 1741
71
Q

What was the Stono Rebellion?

What was its result?

A

1739
50 slaves in South Carolina killed 25 whites
Headed to Florida but were killed in battle with white militia
one of 250 slave rebellions
Result:
harsher slave code

72
Q

What were maroon communities?

Where were they located?

A

Run-away slaves banded together in Florida swamps, bayous of Louisiana, Great Dismal Swamp of North Carolina

73
Q

Why was New England healthy?

A

Better water and cooler temperatures = less disease
Lived ten years longer than Englanders and twenty years longer than people in the Chesapeake.
Puritans had more stable families, focused on community

74
Q

What was the Halfway Covenant?

A

Puritan thing
Baptized children of all baptized adults, even if the adults were not church members
The adults were hallway members of the church who could not take communion or vote in church affairs
End of Puritan mission to create a city on a hill since the first generation was not able to produce second generation with equal religious fervor

75
Q

What were the Jeremiads?

A

Sermons preached from Puritan pulpits in the mid 17th century
Named for Jeremiah - Biblical prophet who warned of doom
Preachers noticed decline in religious devotion of 2nd generation settlers
Jeremiads scolded parishioners of their waning piety

76
Q

What were the Salem Witch Trials?

What was the result?

A

1692
Accusations of girls in Massachusetts led to arrest of 100s and execution of 19 for witchcraft
Result:
revealed conflicts with Salem and led to diversion of Salem and other Puritan communities from their original religious mission

77
Q

What was Leisler’s Rebellion?

What did it represent?

A

1689-1691
Proclaimed himself as the head of government in New York after fall of Dominion of New England
Was executed for his reluctance to turn power over to William and Mary’s new governor
Represented the tensions between the middle class (Leisler) and the colonial elite

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