Chapters 1 and 2

Question 1

When and by whom was the term Renaissance first used

Answer 1

1550 Giorgio Vassari a typical Renaissance man as he was good at a great variety of things, painter, writer - wrote book Decline and fall of the Roman Empire

Question 2

Aprox years and events Renaissance where

Answer 2

started 1350 Italian peninsula ended 1550 when Vassari published his book

Question 3

Why the Italian Peninsula

Answer 3

Itatly lots large urbain centers = lots of wealthy merchants rulers, bankers saw patrons of the arts as source of prestige. Italy ended the middles ages with a lot of wealth.
They financed an unprecedented outpouring of masterpieces in many fields

Question 4

popular art in Italian Ren

Answer 4

Lots of portraits rich folks who paid for em. eg Medicis $2 Leonardo M and Botticelli

Question 5

Ren = what interest

Answer 5

ancient G-R. red peeps turned gaze back in time arrogantly assumed middles ages dark and antiquity “bathed in light”
eg. school of Athens (Michelangelo artist, Leonardo plato)

Question 6

How did the Ren rented interest come to be

Answer 6

during end Middle Ages in part because crusades, increased contact with Byzantine Empire and Muslim scholars which allowed Italians of Ren 2 regain access to ancient g-r works such as plant etc

Question 7

New invention!!

Answer 7

1456, printing press Johannes Guttenberg, German city of Mainz

Question 8

1st book print press

Answer 8

Bible, few remain 20million a copy

Question 9

history print press

Answer 9

went bankrupt 1468 - already invented china not as quick wood stamp not machine

Question 10

what cool print press

Answer 10

• made books affordable as peeps no longer need to be able to afford copies buy book. b4 no point in learning to read can’t even afford books
• uniform (no skipped pages or summaries, rewording etc)
• widespread fast information

Question 11

spread of printing press

Answer 11

invent 1456

Reached Italian Peninsula 1465 by end 15th c. printing shops all across Europe

Question 12

how monumental print press eg.

Answer 12

change worse by fast spread comparable 2 internet

eg. Marco Polo inspire 2 travel
eg. Religious reforms

Question 13

debates relevance renessaince

Answer 13

Jacob Burckhardt: says iron launches modern world
Peter Burke : says overexagerated violence and “dark” of middle ages
book shapes debate 150 yers later

Question 14

Ren felt and lived by whom

Answer 14

not a mass movement, was limited to the Elites of the cities of the Italian peninsula such as Florence, (unofficial capital of Ren) and other cities such as Milan Venice, Rome

Question 15

How did ren make peeps feel

Answer 15

the elites of the great cities did in fact feel like they were living at an innovative time and exciting era. “ bring forth great talents and restored liberal arts”

Question 16

main intellectual movement Ren

Answer 16

Humanism

Question 17

Humanism bassed on eg.

Answer 17

the study and respect of the literacy , artistic and architectural style of classical g-r antiquity
eg. romans often use domes in architecture of large building projects (parthenon) a tradition revived in Ren: Florence cathedral biggest does ever built. Still used in stadiums 2day

Question 18

Disciplines available Ren vs Middle Ages

Answer 18

Ren: Liberal Arts (poetry, astronomy, music, math, philo.
Middle Ages: Law and theology. Scholars focus exclusively on scholars

theology becomes but one discipline among many

Question 19

humanist relationship 2 faith

Answer 19

most humanists are devout Christians but more interested in studying humans and their emotions then God and scripture. They continued to believe in god they simply shifted their focus to emphasizes the study of humans

Question 20

What was the cause of the shift from theology to humanism

Answer 20

the resurfacing and fascination towards pre-christian authors of antiquity made them realize there was more than christianity

Question 21

humanist s conception of humans

Answer 21

positive since we are endowed with the ability to reason

Question 22

how did humanism affect art

Answer 22

distangledment of at and christianity = artists free to explore secular art.

Question 23

ren masterpeices

Answer 23

the visual art masterpieces and brilliance of artists such as Leonardo and Michelangelo sometimes overshadows the literature masterpieces
eg.
- Petrarch father of Renaissance and Boccaccios Decamerom showed humanist by insisting on human emotions such as love lust and ambition
Decameron 1353 work of 10 your characters talking about love and death while Florence is consumed by the plague

Question 24

changes in artist status

Answer 24

The Renaissance was also the first era when European artists became celebrities.

Question 25

how did humanism affect art

Answer 25

The artists of the Renaissance were influenced by the humanism of their contemporaries.
-The beauty of Renaissance art is so overwhelming that most people fail to see that the humanist ideas behind the masterpieces are as important as the masterpieces themselves.
Artists of the Italian Renaissance shared the humanists’ unbound admiration for seemingly limitless abilities of the human body and mind.
-They were obsessed by finding ways to portray the human body and nature realistically as opposed to figures who looked flat and passive on medieval paintings (see medieval painting below).
The subjects of Renaissance paintings also show more emotions and seemed more lifelike (just like the figures made by Greek and Roman sculptors). Artists of the Italian Renaissance were also more willing to offer graphic displays of human beauty that would have been condemned in the Middle Ages.

Question 26

example of shocking art

Answer 26

For example, Sandro Botticelli`s painting of the Birth of Venus was the first full nude painting of a women. Michelangelo’s David was the first nude sculpture since the fall of the Roman empire 10 centuries earlier (Many citizens of Florence were initially shocked and threw stones at this masterpiece who also shocked the citizens of Springfield a classic episode of The Simpsons).

(Donatello also made a famous nude statue of David, the heroic figure of the Old Testament. )

Question 27

all of these goals artistic led to what new technics

Answer 27

The painters of the Renaissance pushed the limits of their art by using perspective. They sought to enhance the illusion of depth.

• Oil paint came into use allowed painters to take more time because it dries slowly on the linen canvas that they used.
• They were able to create light and dark tones to intensify the perception of depth.
• This was a major breakthrough because it allowed them to show a realistic relationship between figures and the landscape.
• The Renaissance painters, sculptor and architect were also obsessed with geometry and anatomy while completing their works with admirable precision.

Question 28

name a couple of renaissance painting that used these revolutionary tectonics

Answer 28

• Masaccio’s fresco Trinity with the Virgin, St. John and Donors (1427) is the first painting to use linear perspective. The single vanishing point lies at the foot of the cross
• All these innovations allowed the creation of masterpieces such as The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, The School of Athens and the Sistine Chapel.

Question 29

political climate Italian peninsula renaissance

Answer 29

The Italian peninsula was politically divided into fiercely competitive small kingdoms and republics who were often competing for territorial or commercial expansion.

Question 30

goal of the Italian rulers

Answer 30

The rulers of these small Italian kingdoms seemed to dream of recreating the Roman Empire so there was a climate of distrust amongst Italian leaders of the renaissance

Question 31

how is this climate comparable to other historical periods

Answer 31

The Renaissance was a cultural golden age that was marked by violence and instability just like Greece during the Hellenic period (i.e., the era of illustrious Greeks authors such as Plato, Aristotle, Sophocles, Herodotus, Thucydides, Hippocrates, Aristophanes, Euripides…)

Question 32

what was the political structure of the italian ren

Answer 32

There were many types of governments who ruled these small Italian kingdoms during the renaissance ranging from elected councils of citizens to military tyrants.

Question 33

what does this political climate lead to

Answer 33

The Italian kingdoms were ultimately doomed to decline due to their division and endless skirmishes. Larger kingdoms such as Spain and France started to impose their will over the Italian peninsula by taking parts in conflicts of the late 15th century.

Question 34

what confirmed the decline of the small Italian king

Answer 34

The pillage of Florence, the unofficial capital of the Italian Renaissance, by Charles VIII of France confirmed the decline of the small Italian kingdoms (Charles VIII was on his way to Naples to claim the crown of that kingdom).

Question 35

effect discover americas

Answer 35

The Italian peninsula also became less important commercially during the early 16th Century.
-After the discovery of the Americas, the Mediterranean Sea gradually ceded its place to the Atlantic Ocean as the center of maritime commerce. -Thus, Italian ports such as Genoa and Venice were no longer at the center of world trade

Question 36

new trades paths cuz americas consequences International

Answer 36

• They had been pushed to the periphery by European kingdoms on Atlantic coast who were building commercial empires overseas in the Americas, Asia and Africa.
• Artistic creativity declined in Italy and it seemed moved northwards to more prosperous kingdoms such as France, the Netherlands and England

Question 37

most influential political really ever written

Answer 37

-The Prince is one of the most influential political treaties ever written. in which The political instability of the Italian peninsula during the Renaissance is palpable

Question 38

the prince content

Answer 38

It contains lessons that Machiavelli is transmitting to a prince on how to acquire, maintain and increase political power.

Question 39

true goal of the prince

Answer 39

However, Machiavelli`s true goal was to expose how the Medici family governed the Republic of Florence behind the scenes by using their vast fortune to corrupt and intimidate political leaders for most of the Renaissance.
Machiavelli wanted to show how the Medicis and the other rulers of his era truly handled power.

Question 40

Machiavelli

Answer 40

Machiavelli was a true man of the Renaissance. He excelled in many fields just like Leonardo.
-Machiavelli was a playwright and an historian. He also served as a diplomat for the Republic of Florence between 1499 and 1512.

Question 41

what was the medicos influence over Florence like between 1492 and 1512

Answer 41

The power of the Medicis over Florence had declined following the pillage of their city by the French in 1492 but they allied themselves with the Spaniards in 1512 and regained their powerful influence over Florence.

Question 42

Machiavellis later life and the writing if the prince

Answer 42

Machiavelli was fired, arrested, tortured and chased from Florence by the Medicis like many other members of the Republic of Florence who had plotted against them.

• Machiavelli wrote his book in exile on a small farm. He barely had enough food to feed his family and he earned a little money selling wood from his farmland.
• During his 15 years in exile he used the little free time he had playing cards with the local butcher, baker and innkeeper and writing The Prince.
• The Prince was published only in 1532 (5 years after Machiavelli death).

Question 43

how does the prince differ from works written before it

Answer 43

Before Machiavelli, the medieval philosophers agreed that rulers should follow Christian principles such as mercy and generosity.

• On the other hand, Machiavelli was influenced by humanism so his treaty focuses attentively on human emotions and their effects on politics.
• Religion and morality are not mentioned in The Prince. This is the reason why Machiavelli is considered the first modern political theorist.
• His successors were no longer preoccupied by the role of religion and morality in politics.

Question 44

the prince values

Answer 44

• According to Machiavelli, rulers have to be realistic and pragmatic.
• They have to keep their objectives in mind and use ruthless tactics such as theft, corruption, intimidation, deception and even murder in pursuing their vital interests (just like the Medicis). For Machiavelli, the ends justify the means.

Question 45

how do rulers exercises control

Answer 45

Rulers have to understand human nature instead of trying to change the nature of their subjects.

• They must realize that most humans are selfish, greedy, deceitful and ungrateful cowards and they forget quickly.
• Hence, trying to improve their morals was a foolish waste of time. A ruler that would do this would pursue his own downfall because there are too many of his subjects who are naturally rotten.
• His main advice to the prince is that rulers cannot rely exclusively on love because all rulers have to take unpopular decisions.
• This will quickly lead his ungrateful subjects to stop loving him because love fades away.
• The safest way to acquire, maintain and expand political power over selfish subjects is to use fear because it is permanent according to Machiavelli.
• Subjects can rebel against a ruler that they loved but they will not challenge a ruler that they fear as long as fear does not turn into widespread hatred.

Question 46

should rules be completely a moral

Answer 46

To avoid hatred the rulers cannot completely ignore the values and the interests of their subjects.

• Rulers must appear to embody the qualities that their subjects admire such as wisdom, decisiveness, generosity, honesty and compassion even if they do not possess these qualities. They must also avoid to look unfair and cruel.
• Machiavelli argues that it`s not difficult for a ruler to maintain this illusion since very few subjects will really have the chance to know him personally and most people are easily duped by appearances.

Question 47

how does the prince suggest giving out punish/ rewards

Answer 47

-He also tells the prince to impose unpopular decisions at the same time instead of stretching them over a long period and to give rewards to his subjects in small doses to get as much recognition as possible from his selfish and forgetful subjects.

Question 48

greats artists of the northern Renaissance

Answer 48

Jan van Eyck, Pieter Bruegel and Albrecht Durer./

Question 49

common humanists of Northern Europe and Italian ones

Answer 49

also fascinated by ancient texts.

Question 50

difference humanists of Northern Europe and Italian ones

Answer 50

However, they focused mainly on religious texts: ``the Northern Renaissance came later. More importantly, while heavily influenced by Italian humanism, humanism in northern Europe was more tied to Christian culture and concern

Question 51

The main figure of the Northern Renaissance

Answer 51

Dutchman Erasmus

Question 52

Erasmus main coiners and complains

Answer 52

Erasmus noticed that the Church became too demanding towards the Christians during the Middle Ages.

• Moreover, he argued that the Chruch was demanding the wrong things by imposing superfluous practices such as the seven sacraments, the veneration of saints and relics, mandatory fasting, clerical celibacy, masses for the dead and pilgrimages.
• Erasmus understood that distrust of the Clergy was increasing. He knew that many Christians considered that the increasing emphasis on rituals was burdensome and frustrating because it did not guarantee their salvation (i.e., their place in heaven).

Question 53

eramus wanted

Answer 53

Church needed to stop imposing rituals that were meaningless.
and a return to a purer time with peeps interpret themselves but he did nit want to destroy the church or form a new one

Question 54

eramsus text

Answer 54

He was a humanist and he argued that humans were able to reason and the Church should use its influence to help the Christians understand how to live good lives and improve themselves.
-In the book Praise of Folly (1509), Erasmus used humor effectively to denounce the corruption and the incompetence of the clergy.

Question 55

critiques and perceptions of the people and clergy

Answer 55

This image shows that Erasmus considered that many European clergymen were incompetent buffoons who misguided the Christians. He was also critical of average Christians. Erasmus considered that that most Christians were too passive and gullible.

Question 56

in short Erasmus wanted

Answer 56

Erasmus simply argued that the Christians should return to the simplicity of the early Church. He was nostalgic, he firmly believed that the Church was a better institution when it began in Antiquity because it was a pure, small and uncorrupted institution that was less hierarchical

Question 57

in details Erasmus wanted

Answer 57

• Erasmus also believed that the Bible should be translated and accessible for every Christians because they all should have a personal relation with God.
• Baptism made all the Christians equal according to Erasmus who was highly critical of the hierarchy of the Church.
• eliminate the 7 sacrements which are not explicitly in the Bible

Question 58

how did eramsmus’ legacy continue on not other religions

Answer 58

Erasmus’ Latin translation of a Greek version of the New Testament was one of the bestselling books of the 16th Century. It was the version of the new testament that was used by Martin Luther and other protestant reformers.
-The denunciations of the Church by Erasmus opened the door to more radical theologians.

Question 59

most impactful religious event in the history of the Western Civilization since Antiquity.

Answer 59

protestant reformation

Question 60

describe generally the effects and magnitude of the Protestant reformartion

Answer 60

It`s impact was enormous because it ended Christianity’s role as the centralizing institution that almost all Europeans had in common before the 16th century.

• It was replaced by centuries of inimical relations between Catholics and Protestants: Reformation was an unprecedented revolution in religion at a time when religion penetrated almost the whole life. (Ozment, 1980, p. 435).
• The Protestant Reformation had deep and lasting effects on the development of the Western Civilization in the last 5 centuries. It captured the attention of scholars in many disciplines.
• Max Weber, a German sociologist, he even argued that protestants felt less guilty about accumulating money and had more time to work than the Catholics. Therefore, the Protestant Reforms would be a cause of the beginning of modern capitalism after the 16th Century.

Question 61

first person to offer credible alternative to Catholicism after invention print press

Answer 61

Martin Luther

Question 62

place of print press within Protestant refomation

Answer 62

This invention allowed Luther to spread his idea quickly to a large audience.
-The printing press made it impossible for the Church to control ideas like in previous decades when it easily silenced its critics. Exactly like how social media sites are empowering people who were voiceless in past generations.

Question 63

Luther social standing in germany

Answer 63

Luther became a popular author and a national hero for the Germans. He benefited from the support of German nobles who were sympathetic to his cause. Luther had the chance to work from the Castle of Warburg for extensive periods

Question 64

Luther youth and education

Answer 64

During his youth, Luther was raised by his father, Hans. Hans Luther was a self-made man who earned a fortune in mining. He had ambitions for his son Martin who was a gifted student. He forced him to study law when he was only 17 years old.

• Martin Luther started to study law at the University of Erfurt in 1505 even if he would have preferred to study theology because he was obsessed by his salvation.
• Martin Luther was like most Christians during the 16th Century. He seriously wondered if his poorly trained local priest and corrupt Church leaders in Rome like Pope Alexander VI were preparing Christians adequately for their Judgement Day.

Question 65

life changing event for Luther

Answer 65

Luther seemed destined to a promising legal career until he was caught in a thunderstorm when he was about 21 years old. He vowed to God that he would become a monk if he survived this storm.

Question 66

Luthers time in the church as monk

Answer 66

Luther believed that living with older monks and the demanding monastic routine would ensure his salvation since living in a monastery would shield him from sinful behavior.

• However, offering his life to God did not diminish his anxieties about his salvation.
• It did not assure him that God would give him a place in paradise: My situation was that, although an impeccable monk, I stood before God as a sinner troubled in conscience, and I had no confidence that my merit would assuage him. Martin Luther, 1521.
• Luther was urged by some of his fellow monks to leave his monastic life to start teaching theology in the new University of Wittenberg in 1508.
• In 1510, during a trip to Rome, Luther was scandalized by the incompetence and immorality of the Cardinals of Rome and Pope Leo X.

Question 67

Luthers time at Wittenberg

Answer 67

-Around 1512, he discovered his answer to salvation while he was still a professor in Wittenberg.

-The answer to the question “what can I do to be saved?” was Justification by faith alone. Faith in Christ and his promise of salvation is all thats necessary for to be saved from damnation according to Luther. Two passages of the New Testament gave him the certainty that he was right: If you confess with your mouth that Jesus is Lord and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. Romans 10:9 Jesus told her, I am the ressurection and the life. Anyone who believes in me will live, even after dying. John 11:25 -Luther was relieved. He no longer had to do good works and do all the sacraments imposed by the Church to impress an angry God. He was sure that God is merciful and salvation is his free reward for those who have faith in him. -Luther began to believe that Christians can never do enough good works to impress God. They just need to have faith in God because he is merciful towards the believers: the most precious of all good works is faith in Christ` Martin Luther, 1520.

Question 68

the final drop for Luther and Protestantism

Answer 68

• In 1517, Luther confronted Johann Tetzel. Tetzel was selling indulgences in Wittenberg.
• Indulgences were supposed to allow Christians to bypass the Purgatory. The Church affirmed that the Purgatory is a place where Christians paid for their sins before entering heaven.
• Tetzel pretended that his certificates of indulgence allowed his customers to avoid the purgatory: you are able to liberate your soul from the hands of the enemy, and convey it by means of contrition and confession, safe and secure from the all pains of purgatory, into the happy kingdom. Johann Tetzel, 1517.
• Tetzel even claimed that indulgences could save relatives that were currently in the Purgatory: As soon as pennies in the money chest ring, the souls out of their purgatory do spring.
• This practice was approved by the Pope who wanted money to finance the construction of the St. Peter Basilica. Financial matters were more important than theological matters from the standpoint of the Church leaders.

Question 69

reaction to Tetzel (event marking the beginning of the protestant reformation)

Answer 69

This led Luther to write 95 theses to denounce Tetzel, the Pope and the selling of indulgences. He posted his theses on the door of the Church of Wittenberg.

Question 70

two main critics of Luther

Answer 70

• For Luther, indulgences were useless since salvation is free. Salvation is a gift of God to the Christians who make the leap of faith.
• His theses show that Luther considered that the Bible is the only source of authority on religious matters. Beliefs and practices that were not mentioned in the Bible such as the Purgatory and clerical celibacies were lies according Luther.

Question 71

reaction germans towards Luthers new movement

Answer 71

-Luther became a national hero for the Germanic people. He articulated their frustration towards the Church authorities. Many Germans agreed that the Church was corrupted and it misguided Christians

Question 72

Popes initial reaction towards Protestantism

Answer 72

The Pope underestimated that level of animosity in Germany. He also misunderstood that the printing press allowed ideas to spread very quickly.

Question 73

Luther continued complaint

Answer 73

Luther’s ideas crystallized after 1517. In 1520, he exposed his ideas in three pamphlets. Many of these ideas became fundamental for many branches of Protestantism. Luther argued that worship services should no longer be in Latin. They should be in German (or other modern languages that average Christians actually understood), he denounced clerical celibacy and he manifested his opposition to monasticism and transubstantiation.

Question 74

Religious consequences of Luthers three pamphlets and Luthers reaction towards them

Answer 74

• This led to his excommunication (i.e. being kicked out of the Church) in 1521. Excommunication was usually a terrible punishment. It was believed that it insured your eternal damnation. -Luther burned his letter of excommunication. He did not care.
• He no longer wanted to be part of a Church that was too big in corrupt to be reformed. He was sure that his faith would ensure his place in heaven.

Question 75

Political consequences of Luthers three pamphlets and Luthers reaction towards them

Answer 75

But Luther’s pamphlets were also dangerous from a political standpoint.

• Luther was summoned to appear before the Diet of Worms (a meeting of German noblemen and the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire).
• Charles V, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and the most powerful man of Europe, saw Luther’s popularity and disrespect for the Pope like a destabilizing force within his empire.
• Charles V asked Luther to recant but Luther refused to go against his conscience: “My conscience is captive to the word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise. God help me. Amen.” Martin Luther, 1521
• Luther instantly became the most wanted man in Europe. However, he was protected by the German nobles and Charles V had to deal with other problems (his empire was threatened by France and the Ottoman Empire).

Question 76

Luthers late life

Answer 76

• In 1523, Luther published a German translation of the New Testament but his project of creating a reformed Church was postponed by a revolt of the German peasants (and his marriage with a former nun Katherine von Bora).-The German peasants were disappointed that Luther sided with the Nobility and they turned to other protestant reformers for support. The popularity of Luther declined and the peasants turned to new groups of Protestants such as the Anabaptists.
• Luther had 6 kids, he wrote an anti-Semitic pamphlet before he died in 1546 (he wanted the Germans be religiously united by joining his reformed Church. He knew that German Jews would not accept this. Luther’s pamphlet against the Jews was recuperated by the Nazis in the 1930s).

Question 77

Luther was then “replaced” by

Answer 77

-Luther had lost his dynamism and John Calvin played an even more important role in the expansion of Protestantism than Luther after 1540.

Question 78

Lutherism after Luther

Answer 78

• The Peace of Augsburg (1555), granted an equal standing to Lutheranism and Catholicism in the Holy Roman Empire but Luther was not alive to see the creation of the Lutheran church.
• By that point, Protestantism had reached other areas of Europe such as Scandinavia, Switzerland, Scotland and England.

Question 79

John Calvin who when

Answer 79

John Calvin was a Frenchman who left the Catholic Church after meeting Protestants while he was studying law in Orleans in 1533 (i.e. 16 years after Luther`s 95 theses).

Question 80

consequences of converting in France

Answer 80

This conversion was a major decision since the large majority of his French compatriots remained Catholics. Francis I, the King of France, was also losing patience with the growing minority of French Protestants.

Question 81

Calvin v Luther ideologies

Answer 81

Calvin agreed with Luther`s view on justification by faith alone. However, Calvin’s most influential new idea was predestination.
-He argued that God determines if humans will be saved or damned at birth because God is an almighty creator. God also knows how the lives of all his creations will turn out according to Calvin:
Therefore, Calvin also argues that Christians are put on Earth for a reason or a calling predetermine by God. Many of Calvin’s followers believed that being successful was a sign that God would save them. Being able to enjoy an good productive life on Earth was considered like a sign of being blessed by God and it gave Calvin and his followers the belief that they would have salvation.
-Calvin agreed with Luther about the undeniable authority of the New Testament. He used a passage from the Book of Matthew to support his views on predestination

Question 82

Calvin 5 main ideas

Answer 82

Total Depravity: .
Unconditional election: 
Limited Atonement: 
Irresistible Grace: 
Persistence in Grace:

Question 83

T of tulip

Answer 83

Total Depravity: Humans are naturally depraved. They are not good enough to do good works that would impress God and earn their salvation.

Question 84

U of Tulip

Answer 84

Unconditional election: Good works are not a condition to obtain salvation from God.

Question 85

L of tulip

Answer 85

Limited atonement: Christ did not die to save all humans. He saved only those who are predestined to be saved (this contradicts Martin Luther who argued that all those who have faith in God will have salvation).

Question 86

I of tulip

Answer 86

Irresistible Grace: Humans who are predestined to be saved cannot resist God`s grace (i.e. they will naturally do good things and be successful in life).

Question 87

P of tulip

Answer 87

Persistence in Grace: Humans who are predestined to be saved cannot lose salvation.

Question 88

Church of Geneva date

Answer 88

In 1541, the Church of Geneva was reformed based on Calvin`s ideas. He led the creation of a Holy Commonwealth in that Swiss city.

Question 89

Church of Geneva political system

Answer 89

-The separation between the Church and the state ceased to exist in Geneva. The authorities of Geneva turned their city into a virtual theocracy (this was a major contradiction with Martin Luther).

Question 90

Consistory and the church of Geneva

Answer 90

They imposed a new tribunal, the Consistory, to ensure public morality.

• This tribunal could punish people for corrupting the morality of their fellow citizens. Citizens of Geneva could be condemned for dancing, drinking excessively, swearing and playing cards.
• The citizens who stayed in Geneva conformed and strived to live exemplary and successful lives to give the impression that God wanted them to succeed in life and that he was going to save them in the afterlife. Nobody in Calvin’s Geneva wanted to appear like they were damned.

Question 91

Council of Trent

Answer 91

-Meanwhile, the leaders of the Catholic Church showed their unwillingness to compromise with the Protestants at the Council of Trent (1545-1563).

Question 92

council of Trent consluions

Answer 92

• They concluded that the mass should still be in Latin, that the Bible needed to be interpreted only by the Clergy, that the good works were essential to salvation and that Church traditions that are not mentioned in the Bible such as celibacy of the priest, the 7 sacraments and the purgatory would continue.
• There was no turning back. The schism between the Pope and the Protestants was undoubtedly permanent. The Church that had been a force of unity in Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th Century became a source of intense division between Catholics and Protestants.
• The religious unity that had been the cement that held Europe together for 10 centuries had been broken.

Question 93

English reform one sentence

Answer 93

-The English Reformation was initiated by Henry VIII, the King of England between 1509 and 1547.

Question 94

Wee bit of backstory on our boy Henry

Answer 94

-Henry VIII was the second monarch of the Tudor dynasty. His father Henry VII, had defeated Richard III in 1485, this allowed the Tudors to replace the York Dynasty on the throne of England (the Remains of Richard III, the last king of the Tudor Dynasty, were discovered in the parking lot of a British supermarket during construction work in 2012).

Question 95

Wee bit of backstory on our boy Henry

Answer 95

-Henry VIII was the second monarch of the Tudor dynasty. His father Henry VII, had defeated Richard III in 1485, this allowed the Tudors to replace the York Dynasty on the throne of England (the Remains of Richard III, the last king of the Tudor Dynasty, were discovered in the parking lot of a British supermarket during construction work in 2012).

Question 96

initial causes of the reformation were…

Answer 96

-The initial causes of the Reformation in England were much more political than religious.

Question 97

Henry da whoor’s initials relationship with the Catholic Church

Answer 97

• Henry VIII was not predisposed to confront the Church. In 1521, he published a book to defend the 7 sacraments. It was his reply to Luther’s case against the sacraments imposed by the Church. Luther only believed in baptism and communion, the two sacraments mentioned in the Bible.
• Henry VIII was married to Catherine of Aragon for 18 years. She was a devout Catholic from Spain and an aunt of Charles V, the ruler of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 98

Henry da whoor and Catherine

Answer 98

-But Catherine did not produce a male heir to secure her husband’s dynasty. Henry VIII could have been succeeded by his daughter Mary but he firmly believed that he needed a strong male successor to ensure the stability of England and the future of the Tudor dynasty.
-Catherine was over 40 years old. She was considered too old to have more children with Henry VIII.
-Henry VIII had many mistresses but he needed to have another wife, to give birth to a son who could replace him as the monarch of England.
He wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, a young English noblewoman (Henry also had an affair with Mary Boleyn, the sister of Anne).

Question 99

annulment process accelerating reasons and conclusion

Answer 99

• To do this he tried to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. But the Pope, Clement VII, made him wait.
• In 1522, Anne became pregnant before the marriage had been invalidated by the Pope.
• The impatient Henry VIII turned this issue with the Pope into a legal debate.
• He questioned the authority of the Pope over England (including the annulment of marriages in England).
• Henry VIII asked Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, to annul his marriage. Cranmer, was the most influential religious leader in England. He agreed to annul the marriage between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon.

Question 100

Anne and Henry da whoor

Answer 100

This validated Henry VIII` secret marriage to Anne Boleyn. Boleyn gave birth to a daughter.
-This disappointed Henry VIII (he had been cheating on Boleyn during her pregnancy). Henry VIII lost interest for Boleyn. She was eventually accused of adultery with five different men and witchcraft, which led to her beheading (the trial was rigged. Men were tortured to testify against Anne).

Question 101

Henry da Whoor and the Church (end)

Answer 101

-In 1534, Henry VIII completely severed the ties with the Catholic Church. The Act of Supremacy was approved by the parliament. It made Henry VIII the head of the Church of England (Anglican Church).
-Henry VIII used his position of authority to quickly seize the lands and the treasures owned by monks and nuns. He increased his personal fortune greatly in the process.
The ruins of a monastery ransacked by the men of Henry VIII:

Question 102

consequences of the act of supremacy for Hen

Answer 102

• These decisions infuriated the Pope who excommunicated Henry VIII.
• It also shocked Thomas More, an advisor of Henry VIII, who was beheaded for refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy in 1535.

Question 103

Henry da Whoor’s final marriages

Answer 103

-In 1536, Henry VIII married Jane Seymour. She gave him a son, Edward VI (Edward would be chronically ill and Jane Seymour died of post-natal complications. Henry VIII had 6 wives, 3 children and no grandchildren).

Question 104

although The church was not created for political reasons did it later merged some protestant ideas

Answer 104

-But the Church of England did adopt four major Protestant ideas during the rule of Henry VIII by rejecting the veneration of saints, the belief in purgatory and encouraging the Anglicans to read the English translation of the Bible. Monasteries and nunneries were also gone from the English countryside.

Question 105

Edward VI rule

Answer 105

-The young Edward VI, was only 9 years old when he inherited the throne in 1547.In 1553, Edward VI died of tuberculosis.

Question 106

Edward VI and religion

Answer 106

Major religious decisions were taken by Protestants of his entourage such as his uncle Edward Seymour and Thomas Cranmer, the author of the Common Book of Prayer. They felt that Henry`s religious reforms did not go far enough. -Therefore, the Church of England became increasingly protestant during the short rule of Edward VI. For example, the parliament gave the right to marry to the clergy.

Question 107

Succession of Edward VI

Answer 107

-There was a plot to give the crown to Jane Grey. Grey was a protestant from the English nobility who was a cousin of Edward VI. This protestant plot failed. Jane Grey ruled England for 9 days only. -Mary, the oldest daughter of Henry VIII, and her catholic supporters captured Jane Grey and accused her of treason. She was executed. Mary I, was quickly nicknamed Bloody Mary by her angry protestant subjects. She also became the wife of Philip II, the King of Spain, who was loathed by all the protestants of Europe.

Question 108

Mary and Religion

Answer 108

• Mary I repealed the Act of Supremacy. Her efforts to restore Catholicism led to the execution of hundreds of prominent Protestants (including Thomas Cranmer).
• Mary I faced another revolt, the Wyatt Rebellion, in 1554. The protestant rebels were opposed to the marriage between their catholic Queen and Phillip II of Spain.
• Mary I’s troops mercilessly crushed this protestant uprising. She promptly ordered the execution of Thomas Wyatt and 90 of his rebels. Elizabeth, Mary I’s younger stepsister was arbitrarily jailed in the Tower of London even if there was no evidence that she was linked to the Wyatt Rebellion.

Question 109

Mary end rule

Answer 109

-But Protestantism remained strong during Mary’s short rule (she probably died of an ovarian cancer).

Question 110

Mary succession

Answer 110

-In 1558, Elizabeth I inherited the throne. She quickly restored the Act of Supremacy.

Question 111

Elizabeth second act of supremacy

Answer 111

In 1558, Elizabeth I inherited the throne. She quickly restored the Act of Supremacy.

• The Second Act of Supremacy offered a moderate sort Protestantism to her subjects (this was clearly defined by the 39 Articles that had been voted back in 1563).
• Under her rule the Anglican Church used English instead of Latin during mass and it agreed with Luther`s view on the authority of the Bible and Justification by faith alone.

Question 112

Elizabeth political standing after second act of supremacy

Answer 112

• This triggered long rivalries with catholic monarchs such as Mary Stuart (i.e., Mary Queen of Scots) and Philip II (Spain), her former brother-in-law.
• Elizabeth chose her advisers well and she outmaneuvered her powerful rivals in the 1580s.

Question 113

Mary Stuart and Elizabeth

Answer 113

• Mary Stuart, the Catholic Queen of Scotland, felt that Elizabeth was an illegitimate daughter of Henry VIII and she argued that Elizabeth had no right to the English crown.
• However, Mary Stuart met strong opposition from Scottish Protestants. She was forced to leave her kingdom and seek refuge amongst English Catholics.
• Marie Stuart and her Catholic supporters hoped that she could replace Elizabeth I on the English throne.
• Elizabeth`s advisors were not willing to take the risk of letting Mary Stuart stay in England to plot the toppling of Elizabeth I. Mary Stuart was arrested and executed for treason in 1587.

Question 114

Philip II and Elizabeth

Answer 114

• In 1588, Elizabeth’s navy managed to defeat the mighty Spanish Armada (i.e., navy) of Philip II who`s attempt to invade England to depose Elizabeth was a catastrophic failure.
• Elizabeth`s navy won with surprising ease and the myth of the invincibility of the Spanish Armada was shattered. (Elizabeth had delivered an inspiring speech her troops on the shore in the Town of Tilbury. It was useless since Spanish invaders never made it to the shore).
• Elizabeth’s rule over England and the Anglican Church would no longer be threatened by her rivals.

Question 115

Elizabeth End of reign

Answer 115

• It was also during Elizabeth’s 45 years on the throne that England became the leading protestant kingdom of Europe.
• The rule of the “Virgin Queen” was marked by the brutal conquest of Ireland, England’s first attempt to establish a colony in the Americas (i.e., Roanoke) and the illustrious lives of William Shakespeare, Francis Bacon and Christopher Marlowe.
• Elizabeth I never believed that she would be the future monarch of England in her youth due to her father`s lack of interest for her.
• She turned out to be a great ruler. However, her refusal to marry and give birth to her successor created a thorny problem for England after her death in 1603.