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Psych 1000 > Chapters 1-5 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behaviour and the factors that influence it

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2
Q

Functionalism

A

Focus on the function and significance of behaviour. How does behaviour help us adapt?
Primarily biological

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3
Q

Pyschodyanmic

A

Focus on the unconscious experience. Look for unresolved conflict. Important of personality.

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4
Q

Behaviourism

A

Opposite to psychodynamic. Impossible to measure the mind, focus on what we can see - behaviour.
Primarily environmental.
Eg) Tabula rasa - john locke

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5
Q

Gestalt Tradition

A

Cognitive - how people think and remember

Environmental and biological.

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6
Q

Humanistic Tradition

A

Against psychodynamic and behavioural. Focus on values, choices, free will, potential/personal growth.
Environmental and biological
Eg) Carl Rogers

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7
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Philosopher and mathematician.
Dualist - mind and body separate
Studied the reflex arc

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8
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

Physicist and mathematician.
Father of psychophysics
Believed sensations can be measured.

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9
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Founder of modern psychology
First psych lab in leipzig
Structuralist

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10
Q

William James

A

Psychologist at Harvard
Published first psych textbook
Helped women in the field

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11
Q

Mary Calkins

A

Allowed to go to Harvard but no degree

First women president of APA

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12
Q

Sigmund Frued

A

Father of psychoanalysis
Medical doctor that believed physical disorders could have a psychological base
“The Unconsciousness” - still parts that we don’t know about ourselves

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13
Q

Carl Jung

A

Studied under Frued
Thought he was far fetched on his sexual thoughts of personality
Responsible for the “Collective Unconsciousness” - there is an unconscious that carries on from time to time

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14
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Humanist
The “self” and unconditional positive regard
Calls his patients “clients”

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15
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Won a nobel prize for salivation

Classical conditioning - associations drive learning

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16
Q

BF Skinner

A

Behaviourist
Operant conditioning - association between stimulus and response
Learning controlled by consequences
Behaviour modification through rewards and punishment

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17
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Cognitive studies

Children do not think like adults - stages

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18
Q

Karl Lashley

A

Biology of learning and memory
Searched for the “engram” - single location of memory but then decided it was throughout the cortex
Used lesioning

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19
Q

Wilder Penfield

A

Montreal neurosurgeon

Mapped entire cortex in humans through electrical stimulation

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20
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

Gestalt psychologist

Believes that learning can occur though insight (don’t have to watch someone, can just figure it out)

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21
Q

Kurt Levin

A

Social psychologist who followed gestalt tradition

Behaviour occurs in context

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22
Q

Different types of psychology

A 
Clinical
Social
Cognitive
Educational
Personality
School
Organizational
Experimental
Counselling
Development
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23
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Once our beliefs are established, we may fail to test them further

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24
Q

False Start

A

When one researcher discovers something but then no other researchers can duplicate the findings

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25
Q

4 Goals of Psychology

A

To describe behaviour
To explain/understand behaviour
To predict behaviour
To control/influence behaviour

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26
Q

Dualism

A

The belief that the mind is a spiritual entity not subject to physical laws of the body
Proposed by Descartes - he thought the connection b/w mind and body was the pineal gland
Mind is in the brain but it is not material

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27
Q

Monosim

A

The mind and body are one with no separate entities

Followers: Thomas Hobbes and John Locke

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28
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Believed you could study the mind through physical processes

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29
Q

John Locke

A

Believed observation is more valid than reason - AKA empiricism

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30
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

The nature of the mind and how mental processes influence behaviour

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31
Q

Sociocultural Perspective

A

Humans behaviours are affected by their culture

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32
Q

Socialization

A

The process by which culture is transmitted to new members and internalized

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33
Q

Individualism vs. Collectivism

A

Individualism - emphasis on personal goals

Collectivism - individual goals are less important than those of the group

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34
Q

Biological Perspective

A

How the brain processes and other bodily functions regulate behaviour

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35
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

How evolution shaped modern human behaviour

Through Darwin’s Natural Selection

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36
Q

2 Examples of sociobiology

A

Complex social behaviours passed through evolution

1) moms more invested in reproduction because of offspring
2) Genetic survival is more important than physical - altruism

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37
Q

Structuralism vs Functionalism

A

Structuralism - focused on the basic components of consciousness
Functionalism - focused on the purpose of consciousness

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38
Q

Depression

A

When a feeling of sadness persists and affects daily life. More common in females.

1) Biological - related to biochemical factors
2) Psychological - More common in people who have a negative way to look at things
3) Environmental - environment with less rewards can make people depressed

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39
Q

4 Steps of the Scientific Method

A

1) Identify the problem and formulate hypothesis
2) Design and execute the experiement
3) Determine the “truth”
4) Communicate the results

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40
Q

Hypothesis

A

Tentative statement about the relation between 2 or more events

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41
Q

Observational Methods

A

Collecting information about behaviour without trying to change it

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42
Q

Survey Methods

A

Collecting information about behaviour through surveys and questionnaires

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43
Q

Case Study Methods

A

In depth study of an individual, group or event
Pros: able to study closely
Con: cannot determine causal relationship, may not generalize to other situations

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44
Q

Correlational Methods

A

Determining the degree of relationship between two or more variables
Correlation does NOT mean causation

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45
Q

Experimental Methods

A

Manipulating one or more variables to determine the effect on some behaviour

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46
Q

Between groups vs within group

A

Between groups: each group is assigned a protocol

Within groups: each group performs each protocol

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47
Q

Four ways to measure aggression

A

1) Self report
2) Verbal attack
3) Physical attack (shocks)
4) “Safe” attack

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48
Q

Bystander Effect

A

The more bystanders, the less likely anyone is do anything because of diffusion of responsibility

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49
Q

Theory

A

A set of formal statements that explain how and why certain events are related to one another. Broader than a hypothesis

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50
Q

Characteristics of a good theory

A

Incorporates existing facts
It is testable
Predictions supported by new research
Law of parsimony

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51
Q

Operational Definition

A

A researcher defines his variables and the context of them so that they cannot be misinterpreted.

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52
Q

Overt Behaviour

A

How any errors a person makes

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53
Q

Unobstrusive Measurement

A

Made so that the humans don’t behave differently when they know they are being observed

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54
Q

Dorsal vs Ventral Stream of Brain

A

Dorsal - runs along the upper surfaces of the cortex

Ventral - runs along the bottom surface

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55
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Researcher observes behaviour as it occurs in a natural setting and attempts to avoid influence sit

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56
Q

Habituation

A

The researcher may delay their data collection until participants have habituated to the observers presence.

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57
Q

Representative Sampling

A

Reflects the important characteristics of the population

Better with larger samples

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58
Q

Bi-Directionality Problem

A

Eg) ice cream causes smiles or smiles cause ice cream

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59
Q

Internal Validity

A

The degree to which an experiment supports clear causal conclusions

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60
Q

Confounding Variables

A

Two variables are intertwined and we cannot determine which one has influenced the dependent variable

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61
Q

Placebo Effect

A

The patient’s symptoms will improve solely because they belief the drug will help them
Lowers internal validity

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62
Q

Experimenter Expectancy

A

Lowers the internal validity, minimize with double blind study

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63
Q

External Validity

A

The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings, conditions - found through multiple experiements

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64
Q

ESP

A

Extrasensory Perception - mental telepathy

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65
Q

What groups make up the tri council policy for ethical conduct in Canada?

A

CIHR, NSERC, SSHRC

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66
Q

ERBs

A

Ethical review boards - at university

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67
Q

CPA said that psychologists must do:

A

1) Protect and promote the welfare of participants
2) Avoid doing harm
3) Not carry out any studies unless probable benefit is greater than risk
4) Provide informed consent
5) Take all reasonable steps to ensure that consent is not given under coercion
6) Ensure privacy and confidentiality

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68
Q

3 Types of Neuron Shapes

A

Bipolar - cell body in middle with axons on either side
Unipolar - only one pole coming off the cell body
Multipolar - cell body has multiple branches coming off it

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69
Q

Sensory neurons are (afferent/efferent) and are (dorsal/ventral)

A

Sensory - afferent and dorsal

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70
Q

Resting Membrane Potential
Threshold Potential
Depolarization

A

RMP: -70mV
Treshold: -55
Depolarization: +30

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71
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Inhib + excit

Arousal and eatin

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72
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Inhib + excit

Memory, motor movement

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73
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

Inhib + excit

Voluntary movement and arousal

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74
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

Inhib + excit

Sleep and thermoregulation

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75
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory

Motor behaviour

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76
Q

Cocaine

A

Drug

Stimulates release and prevents reuptake of DA

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77
Q

Curare

A

Drug

Blocks Ach receptors

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78
Q

Black Widow Venom

A

Stimulates release of Ach - heart explodes

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79
Q

Botulism Toxin

A

Blocks release of Ach

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80
Q

Nictotine

A

Drug

Duplicates effects of Ach

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81
Q

Caffeine

A

Blocks adenosine receptors - important for sleep

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82
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects the two hemispheres

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83
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Master gland; controls hormonal excretions

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84
Q

Angiogram

A

Shows the vessels - use a dye to enhance

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85
Q

CAT Scan

A

Computerized axial topography

Xrays from 360 pieced together

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86
Q

PET Scan

A

Positron emission tomography

Inject brain with glucose and it takes it up in the areas being activated

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87
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

Expose the brain to a strong magnetic field and reconstruct what it looks like

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88
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to perform smooth actions

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89
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to interpret sensory information

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90
Q

Aphasia

A

Problems with speech - Broca’s or Wernicke’s

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91
Q

Characteristics of the left hemisphere

A

Language, reading, logical thought, happiness

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92
Q

Characteristics of the right hemisphere

A

Nonverbal

Space, form synthesis, emotion

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93
Q

Alcohol (agonist/antagonist)

A

Agonist of GABA and antagonist of glutamate

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94
Q

Caffeine (agonist/antagonist)

A

Antagonist for adenosine

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95
Q

Nicotine (agonist/antagonist)

A

Agonist for Ach

96
Q

Amphetamines

A

Agonist of DA and norepinephrine - stimulant

97
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory

Important for learning and memory

98
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory

Control anxiety and motor control

99
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

Loss of GABA causes tremors and loss of motor control as well as personality changes

100
Q

Ach

A

Excitatory at muscular and memory synapses
Undersupply - Alzheimer’s
Oversupply - muscle contractions

101
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Undersupply - depression

Oversupply - stress and panic disorders

102
Q

Serotonin

A

Involved in mood

Linked to depression, sleeping, eating disorders

103
Q

Dopamine

A

Undersupply - Parkinson’s

Oversupply - Schizophrenia

104
Q

Endorphin

A

Undersupply - hypersensitive to pain

Oversupply - insensitivity to pain

105
Q

Somatic NS

A

Voluntary

106
Q

2 Parts of Autonomic NS

A

PNS and SNS

107
Q

Brain can be tested via:

A

1) Neuropsychological tests: verbal and nonverbal behaviour affected by damage
2) Destruction and stimulation
3) Electrical recording (EEG)
4) Brain imaging (CAT, PET, MRI)

108
Q

ERP

A

Event related potential - changes in an EEG that accompany abnormal events

109
Q

Brain’s Gatekeeper

A

Reticular Formation
Alerts the higher centers that messages are coming and then either blocks them or allows them to go through
Important for consciousness - without it sensory messages do not register in conscious awareness

110
Q

Problems with mirror neurons are thought to cause

A

Autism spectrum disorders

111
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Responsible for executive functions: goal setting, judgement, planning, etc

112
Q

Lateralization

A

Relatively greater localization of a function in one hemisphere or the other

113
Q

Amygdala

A

Involved in fear and discrimination of objects, emotions (limbic)

114
Q

Medulla

A

Important in vital body functions and reflexes

115
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in memory

116
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Regulates homeostasis and stimulates other endocrine glands

117
Q

Pons

A

Bridge carries nerve impulses between higher and lower centres; regulates sleep and dreams

118
Q

Cerebellum

A 
AKA little brain
Muscular movement (timing) coordination and learning and memory
119
Q

Thalamus

A

Important for sensory processing and relay station (only sense that doenst go through is smell)

120
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls drives: sexual behaviour, aggression, eating, stress

121
Q

What is the gene for intelligence?

A

Reaction time - AKA genes that code for myelinated axons

122
Q

Critical Period

A

The time interval in which environmental exposure is critical

123
Q

Can you infer the genotype from the phenotype?

A

NO

124
Q

List some dominate traits

A 
Brown eye color
Dark hair
Dimples
Curly hair
Unattached ear lobes
Farsightedness
125
Q

Polygenetics

A

When multiple genes effect a phenotype

126
Q

Equation for heritability

A

H^2 = variance due to genes/total variance

0 - environment, 1 - genetics

127
Q

Galton

A

Noticed that relatives of intelligent people were also intelligent
Thought of intelligence as unitary - mental quickness
Developed the correlation coefficient -
h (correlation between twins)

128
Q

Sir Cyril Burt

A

Worked with twins reared apart

Reported it was approaching 1 but he made up the data

129
Q

Bouchard

A

Also performed twin studies and found identical twins, reared apart were 0.72
IQ can be 72% attributed to genetic factors

130
Q

How many genes are there?

A

25,000

131
Q

PKU

A 
Recessive 
Chromosome 12
1 in 10,000
Lack of enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine
Builds up and we get mental retardation
Can be controlled with diet
132
Q

Tay Sachs Disease

A 
Recessive
Chromosome 15
1 in 3,600
Lack enzyme that breaks down FA
Normal development then blind, deaf, unable to swallow
Fatal by age 4
1 in 30 French Canadians have it
133
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

Dominent
Chromosome 4
1 in 16,000
Onset at 35-45
Initially clumsy and forgetful then deteriorate into brain atrophy and lack of muscle control
Terminal in 10 to 20 years
Because it is dominant, the offspring have 50% chance of getting it

134
Q

List some sex linked disorders

A

Red-green colour blind
Baldness
Hemophilia

135
Q

Possibilities of sex chromosome disorders

A

XXX, X, XXy, Xyy (last two are viable)

136
Q

Down Syndrome

A

Chromosome disorder
Trisomy 21
Marked by: NS abnormality, mild to moderate retardation, shorter life, physical appearance
Due to accumulation of amyloid
It is not hereditary - faulty meiotic division
Based on mothers age (over 40)

137
Q

Adaptation

A

Changing to meet environmental needs

Proximal vs distal (evolutionary)

138
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Allele frequency in a population changes over time due to chance
i.e. Founder effect

139
Q

Correlate Structure

A

If a certain trait is beneficial, other traits might adapt to make that trait possible
i.e. opposing thumb is positive, so hand size decreased in order for thumb to touch finger

140
Q

Freuds Theory of Aggression

A

Eros (life force) vs thanatos (death force)
Eventually thanatos over powers and you kill yourself
So you redirect it as aggression

141
Q

Lorenz’s Hydraulic Model

A

Aggressive instincts build up over time until triggered by external stimulus (releasers/sign stimuli)
Your reaction is called a Fixed Action Pattern

142
Q

Allele

A

Alternate forms of genes

143
Q

Epigenetics

A

Mechanisms that involve activating or silencing specific genes
i.e. methylation = muting

144
Q

Two types of genetic engineering

A

Recombinant DNA Procedures: take out a gene and replace with another
Knockout Procedure: gene made nonfunctional

145
Q

Heritability Coefficient

A

The degree to which variation of a characteristic can be attributed to genetic factors (0-1)

146
Q

Concordance

A

The likelihood that two people share a particular characteristic

147
Q

Reaction Range

A

Genetically influenced limits that environmental forces can effect an organism

148
Q

Five Factor Model of Personality

A 
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion-intraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
149
Q

Domain Specific Adaptations

A

Adaptations designed to solve a particular problem

150
Q

Evolutionary Personality Theory

A

Attempts to account for personality traits in terms of evolutionary history

151
Q

Parental Investment

A

Based on evolutionary theory

The gender with greater investment in producing offspring will be more selective in choosing a mate

152
Q

Polygyny

A

Male mates with multiple females

153
Q

Polyandry

A

Female mates with multiple males

154
Q

Monogamy

A

Parents stay together, at least until young are self-sufficient

155
Q

Polygynandry

A

A mating system in which all members of a group mate with all other members

156
Q

Women prefer men who:

A

Are 3.5 years older
Who have symmetrical faces (signs of health)
Who show interest in helping raise offpsring

157
Q

Men prefer women who:

A

Are young and full of energy

158
Q

Cooperation

A

One individual helps another but in doing so gains some advantage

159
Q

Altruism

A

One individual helps another but in doing so accrues some cost

160
Q

Kin Selection Theory

A

Organisms are most likely to help others with whom they share the most genes - AKA offspring and genetic relatives

161
Q

Theory of Reciprocal Altrusim

A

AKA long term cooperation

One individual helps another but the helps will be reciprocated at some point in the future

162
Q

Why does aggression occur?

A

Animals are competing for resources

163
Q

2 ways NOT to think about behaviour genetics and evolutionary psychology?

A

Genetic determinism - genes have invariant and unavoidable effects
Social darwinism - distortion that become the more fit are more successful, that those at the top of the social ladder must be most fit of all

164
Q

Psychophysics

A

Relation between physical stimulus and psychological response

165
Q

Threshold

A

Value of a stimulus characteristic that produces a response

166
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Lower limit

The lowest intensity that a stimulus can be detected correctly 50% of the time

167
Q

Difference threshold

A

Amount of change for JND

The lowest difference between stimuli that can be detected correctly 50% of the time

168
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Size of difference threshold relative to physical intensity of test is constant

169
Q

Equation for weber’s law

A

C = delta I/I

The smaller the fraction, the greater the sensitivity

170
Q

Fechner’s Law

A

Sensation increases with the logarithm of intensity

171
Q

Steven’s Power Law

A

Similar to Fechners but to the power of intensity

More predictive across a variety of sensations

172
Q

Subliminal stimulus

A

Stimulus is received by senses but not perceived consciously

173
Q

How long does a stimuli have to be for a human to perceive it?

A

200ms

174
Q

4 components of a sensory system

A

Accessory structures (eyeball)
Transduction
Coding
Interaction (physiological and psychological)

175
Q

The axons of what retina cell form the optic nerve?

A

The ganglion cells

176
Q

Horizontal cell is between

Amacrine cell is between

A

Horizontal between receptor and bipolar
Amacrine between bipolar and ganglion
Both inhibitory and serve to enhance the image

177
Q

Duplex Theory of Vision

A

More than one receptor to help transduce energy into neural signal
AKA rods and cones
Cones are sensitive to red, green and blue and opponent process occur at the ganglion cells and beyond

178
Q

Rods

A

Operate at low intensity
Sensitive to brightness
Monochrome
If you want to see a dim object you can’t look directly at it because then light focuses on the fovea where there are no rods

179
Q

Cones

A

Operature at higher intensities
Full colour
Insensitive for brightness

180
Q

How do rods and cones transduce?

A

Visual photopigments break down in the presence of light and generate an AP

181
Q

Photopigment of rods

A

rhodopsin (red)

182
Q

Photopigments of cones

A

Chlorolabe (green)
Cyanolabe (blue
Erythrolabe (red)

183
Q

Dark adaptation

A

bring a person into a dark room, bleach the retina with a large light and measure how long it takes to become sensitive to light again
If you just want to test the cones then look directly at the light when you bleach

184
Q

Rod-cone break

A

When rods become more sensitive than the cones during dark adaptation (10 minutes in)

185
Q

Spectral sensitivity

A

Tests how different cones react to different coloured lights

186
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A

Maximum response - Occurs when you project light on the “on center” of a ganglion cell
Minimum response - Occurs when you project light on the “off surround” of a ganglion cell
How does this occur?
Horizontal cells

187
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

One of the fathers of gestalt approach

188
Q

Principles of Grouping

A 
Gestalt psychology: 
Similarity
Proximity
Closure
Connectedness
Continuity
189
Q

Subjective Contour

A

When you combine the principles of grouping

190
Q

Retinal or binocular desparity

A

Brain combine an image from each eye to make 2D into 3D

191
Q

Monocular cues for depth perception

A

1) Relative size
2) Linear perspective
3) Overlap/interposition
4) Texture gradient
5) Clarity
6) Motion parallax

192
Q

Size Constancy

A

Develop after monocular cues in first couple months
Rescale the size of objects so that they remain constant at any distance
(cars from an airplane look like ants but we know their true size)

193
Q

Feature/constructionist Analysis

A

Bottom up approach

194
Q

Synaesthesia

A

Mixing of senses

Thought to occur because the connections from infancy are never pruned and so there is spilling over of the senses

195
Q

Stages of Sensory Perception

A

1) stimulus received by receptors
2) transduction
3) feature detectors analyze features
4) features reconstructed into neural representation
5) neural representation is compared with brain info
6) matching and then recognition

196
Q

Sensation

A

sense organs translate environmental stimuli into nerve impulses

197
Q

Perception

A

Giving a stimulus meaning or making sense of it

198
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Theory that stimulus detection is not based on a fixed absolute threshold but is influenced by rewards, punishments, expectations and motivations
Range of uncertainty instead of a fixed point on a scale
Everyone sets their own decision criterion (how certain they must be before they say they detect it)

199
Q

Increasing the rewards for hits or the costs for misses does what to sitmulus detection?

A

Makes it more sensitive

AKA lower detection threshold

200
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus with passing time because sensory neurons habituate
Good: frees our senses to pick up alternative info

201
Q

What does the lens do in the eye?

A

Reverses the image from right to left and top to bottom

202
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness

Eyeball is too long and the image focuses before the retina

203
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness

The lens can’t thicken enough so the image falls behind the retina

204
Q

Aging causes the eyeball to…

A

shorten

205
Q

Many rods per

A

Bipolar cell

206
Q

Visual Acuity

A

Ability to see fine detail

Greatest when image falls on fovea because each cone has its own bipolar cell

207
Q

3 Theories of Vision

A

Trichromatic Theory
Opponent Process Theory
Dual Process Theory

208
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Three types of colour receptors in the retina
Combination of activation results in any colour in the visible spectrum
If all three cones are equally activated = white
Problem: doesn’t explain why people with red-green colour blindness can perceive yellow

209
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

Retina contains 3 sets of colour receptors: red/green, blue/yellow, black/white
The opponent processes that result can produce any colour

210
Q

2 Types of Colour Blindness

A

Dichromat: colour blind in only one system (red/green or yellow/blue)
Monochromat: sensitive to only white and black
(Normal is trichromat)

211
Q

Feature Detectors

A

Sensory neurons that respond to particular features of a stimulus (shape, angle, color)

212
Q

Visual Association Cortex

A

Cortical areas in the occipital, temporal and parietal lobes that analyze visual stimuli and compare it to stored knowledge to determine a meaning

213
Q

2 Characteristics of Sound Waves

A

Frequency (Hz) - pitch

Amplitude (decibels) - loudness

214
Q

Cochlea

A

Coil shaped structure in the inner ear that contains the cilia receptors for sound on it’s basilar and tectorial membranes in the organ of corti

215
Q

Coding for loudness

A

1) Rate of firing

2) Specific hair cells

216
Q

Coding for pitch

A

One below 4000Hz and one above

1) Frequency theory: frequency determines pitch at low frequencies
2) Place theory: which portion of the basilar membrane where the fluid wave peaks

217
Q

Sound Localization

A

Occurs through differences in time and intensity of sound between the two ears

218
Q

Conduction Deafness

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechnical system that codncuts sound waves to the cochlea

219
Q

Nerve Deafness

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlear receptors or the auditory nerve
(ie loud music)

220
Q

Tastes

A

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter

Enhanced by umami (found in protein)

221
Q

Can each taste bud respond to all the tastes?

A

No only to one or two

222
Q

Tactile senses

A

Pressure (touch)
Pain
Hot
Cold

223
Q

Pain receptors are not found in:

A

brain, hair, nails, non-living parts of teeth, bones

224
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

Theory that the experience of pain results from opening and closing of gating mechanisms in the NS
ie) rubbing a bruise

225
Q

Kinesthesis

A

Body sense that provides feedback about position in space and movement of body parts

226
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

Gives us orientation

Movement of fluid in the semicircular canals stimulates hair cells and sends signals to the brain

227
Q

Bottom Up Processing

A

Perceptual processing that begins with the analysis of individual parts of a stimulus and works up to a unified perception

228
Q

Top Down Processing

A

Perceptual processing in which existing knowledge is applied to make sense of incoming stimulation

229
Q

Attention

A

Process of selection

Focusing on certain stimuli and filtering out other stimuli

230
Q

Shadowing

A

An experimental procedure used in attention research
Person receives two or more messages and is asked to focus on one of them and then cannot remember the other one when asked
Humans are able to shift attention back and forth rapidly between two messages and fill in the gaps

231
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Failure of unattended stimuli to register in consciousness

232
Q

Perceptual Schema

A

Each person has a schema based on experience and it affects the way we perceive things

233
Q

Perceptual Set

A

A readiness to perceive stimuli in a particular way

234
Q

Shape Constancy

A

Allows us to recognize people/objects from different angles

235
Q

Brightness Constancy

A

The relative brightness of objects remains the same under different conditions of illumination (flashlight in dark vs day time)

236
Q

Stroboscopic Movement

A

Illusory movement produced when light is briefly flashed in darkness and then a few ms later another light is flashed nearby

237
Q

Illusions

A

Incorrect perceptions based on constancies that do not apply to the stimuli in question

Psych 1000 (3 decks)

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