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Abnormal Psychology > Chapters 1-4 ppts > Flashcards

Chapters 1-4 ppts Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychological dysfunction?

A

A breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

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2
Q

What is personal distress?

A

A non-culturally expected response, whose definition depends on the person’s background and culture

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3
Q

What is a scientist-practitioner?

A

Those who are both producers and consumers of research, and utilize empirical methods

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4
Q

What does the supernatural tradition say about deviant behavior?

A

It says it’s a battle of good versus evil, and refers to it as demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery, etc. Treatments included: exorcism, torture/beatings, crude surgeries, and leeches.

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5
Q

Where does the term lunacy come from?

A

The moon

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6
Q

True or false: major psychological disorders have existed in all cultures and across all time periods, but treatments vary widely across cultures and time

A

True

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7
Q

What does the Galenic-Hippocratic Tradition say?

A

That mental illness equals physical illness; that if you are experiencing psychological problems, it’s because you have imbalanced fluids (humors) in your body.

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8
Q

Define diathesis stress theory

A

the theory that mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic or biological predisposition for that illness (diathesis) combined with stressful conditions that play a precipitating or facilitating role.

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9
Q

What was one of Freud’s ideas that’s less well-known?

A

Coming up with the idea that talking to people can help them (therapy)

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10
Q

What did Freud think cocaine is a cure for?

A

Asthma, concentration problems, eating disorders, aphrodisiac, and morphine addiction

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11
Q

What is the freudian structure of the mind?

A

Id, ego, and superego

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12
Q

Define ‘id’ in the freudian structure of the mind

A

In psychoanalysis, the unconscious psychic entity present at birth representing basic drives.

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13
Q

Define ‘ego’ in the freudian structure of the mind

A

In psychoanalysis, the psychic entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives

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14
Q

Define ‘superego’ in the freudian structure of the mind

A

In psychoanalysis, the psychic entity representing the internalized moral standards of parents and society

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15
Q

What are some examples of defense mechanisms?

A

Repression, sublimation, displacement, denial, rationalization, projection, and reaction formation

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16
Q

Who came up with the idea of a hierarchy of needs?

A

Abraham Maslow

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17
Q

What did Abraham Maslow contribute to the idea of ‘needs’?

A

He came up with the hierarchy of needs

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18
Q

What are the 5 sections of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs from top to bottom?

A

Self-actualization (maximizing one’s potential), Esteem (respect), Belongingness and love (acceptance, affection), Safety (nurturance, money), and Physiological (food, water, air)

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19
Q

What do defense mechanisms do?

A

They help you cope with guilt or anxiety

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20
Q

True or false: finding the “real problem” is one of the main ideas of therapy

A

True

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21
Q

True or false: therapy is usually long-term

A

True

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22
Q

What are two therapy techniques used by Freud?

A

Free association and dream analysis

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23
Q

What are transference and counter-transference problems?

A

When patients begin talking to their therapist like they’re a family member and vice-versa

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24
Q

What are the problems with Freud’s approach?

A

His concepts were rather abstract, and there is little evidence for the efficacy of his treatments and ideas

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25
Q

True or false: most of Freud’s ideas are regarded today as unscientific

A

True

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26
Q

Who was a founder of humanistic psychology?

A

Carl Rogers

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27
Q

What was one of the main tools used in Carl Rogers’ therapy sessions?

A

Unconditional positive regard (the therapist reacts to the patient positively but doesn’t give firm advice/ tell the patient what to do)

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28
Q

Is classical conditioning a behaviorist or humanist idea?

A

Behaviorist

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29
Q

Who came up with the idea of systematic desensitization?

A

Joseph Wolpe

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30
Q

Give two examples of behaviorists

A

Pavlov and Watson

31
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

The idea that all human behavior is just a reaction to external stimuli

32
Q

What is “black box therapy”?

A

When you slowly desensitize yourself or a patient to a phobia (ex: first imagine a spider, then look at a picture of a spider, then watch a video, etc) to decondition their body’s fear response

33
Q

What are the 3 key concepts of assessment?

A

Stability, reliability, and validity

34
Q

What are two forms of reliability?

A

Test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability

35
Q

What are four types of validity?

A

Concurrent, discriminant, predictive, and face validity

36
Q

Psychological testing must be ___ and ____

A

Reliable and valid

37
Q

Projective tests (such as Rorschach, TAT) have roots in what?

A

Freudian psychoanalytic tradition (trying to make the unconscious conscious)

38
Q

What kind of stimuli do projective tests use, and to what degree do they utilize inference in scoring?

A

They use ambiguous test stimuli with the aim of making the unconscious conscious, and there’s a high degree of inference in scoring

39
Q

Describe and give examples of objective testing

A

Objective testing has roots in empirical tradition, its stimuli are less ambiguous, there’s minimal clinical inference in scoring. It also has extensive reliability, validity, and normative database.
Ex: Personality tests, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

40
Q

Classification is central to what?

A

All sciences

41
Q

The DSM is now in its ____ edition

A

5th

42
Q

What are two problems with the DSM? What do these dilemmas mean?

A

Its categorical model dominates the conceptualization of mental disorders, and it doesn’t explain the high rates of comorbidity between certain illnesses (ex: depression and anxiety occur together in 80% of cases). Both of these problems suggest that the DSM may be giving one set of symptoms many labels.

43
Q

Correlation ranges from ___ to ___

A

-1 to 1 (1 = 100% correlated)

44
Q

Describe experimental research

A

It uses the manipulation of independent variables to form casual relations between two or more variables.

45
Q

Name 4 strategies used in genetic research

A

Family studies
Adoptee studies
Twin studies
Genotype vs. Phenotype

46
Q

What two components should be a part of every research program?

A

They should have several methodologies and replication

47
Q

Define standardization

A

Keeping tests consistent in multiple situations (i.e. all participants are given the exact same test in the same conditions)

48
Q

Describe test-retest reliability

A

If you take the same test twice, will the results be the same?

49
Q

What is inter-rater reliability?

A

The idea that if you take a test twice, but with two different administrators, you should get the same score twice

50
Q

What does reliability ask about a test?

A

Is the test measuring what it’s supposed to measure?

51
Q

What is the future-oriented mood state?

A

Anxiety

52
Q

What are the common characteristics of anxiety disorders?

A
  • Anxiety and fear
  • Avoidance and escape
  • Significant distress/ impairment
53
Q

What is a panic attack?

A

• Intense fear or discomfort
• Physical symptoms
(e.g., breathlessness, chest pain)

54
Q

What can cause anxiety?

A
  • Anxiety and brain circuits; genetic vulnerability

* Depleted levels of GABA

55
Q

What is a highly effective way to treat anxiety?

A

Cognitive-behavioral therapies

56
Q

What does the ‘basic’ anxiety disorder look like?

A
  • Excessive uncontrollable anxiety
  • Six months or more
  • Anyone and everyone
57
Q

What are 3 common treatments for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A
  • Medication!
  • CBT
  • Meditation therapy
58
Q

What is OCD?

A
  • Obsessions
  • or
  • Compulsions
59
Q

What are the common treatments for OCD?

A
  • SSRIs - Relapse is common
  • Psychosurgery (cingulotomy)
  • CBT and Exposure!
60
Q

What is panic disorder?

A

Unexpected panic attack (i.e., a false alarm)

61
Q

What percent of people with panic disorder are women?

A

66%

62
Q

Give examples of subtypes of specific phobia

A
  • Blood-injury-injection phobia
  • Situational phobia
  • Natural environment phobia
  • Animal phobia
63
Q

What can cause specific phobias?

A
  • Direct experience

* Biological and evolutionary vulnerability

64
Q

What are the treatments for specific phobias?

A

CBT and exposure

65
Q

What is social phobia?

A

Extreme and irrational fear in social/performance situations

66
Q

_____ of the general population has social phobia

A

12.1%

67
Q

Social phobia is most commonly found in ____men/women___ and its onset is typically in the _______ stage of life.

A

Social phobia is most commonly found in women and its onset is typically in the adolescent stage.

68
Q

What are the common treatments for social phobia?

A

CBT and exposure

69
Q

What is symptom cluster #1 for PTSD?

A

Reexperiencing symptoms

70
Q

What is symptom cluster #2 for PTSD?

A

Avoidance and emotional numbing

71
Q

What is symptom cluster #3 for PTSD?

A

Hyperarousal symptoms

72
Q

What is symptom cluster #4 for PTSD?

A

Negative mood and cognition

73
Q

What are the common treatments for PTSD?

A

CBT and exposure therapy

Abnormal Psychology (5 decks)

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