Chapters 1-4 ppts Flashcards
What is psychological dysfunction?
A breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
What is personal distress?
A non-culturally expected response, whose definition depends on the person’s background and culture
What is a scientist-practitioner?
Those who are both producers and consumers of research, and utilize empirical methods
What does the supernatural tradition say about deviant behavior?
It says it’s a battle of good versus evil, and refers to it as demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery, etc. Treatments included: exorcism, torture/beatings, crude surgeries, and leeches.
Where does the term lunacy come from?
The moon
True or false: major psychological disorders have existed in all cultures and across all time periods, but treatments vary widely across cultures and time
True
What does the Galenic-Hippocratic Tradition say?
That mental illness equals physical illness; that if you are experiencing psychological problems, it’s because you have imbalanced fluids (humors) in your body.
Define diathesis stress theory
the theory that mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic or biological predisposition for that illness (diathesis) combined with stressful conditions that play a precipitating or facilitating role.
What was one of Freud’s ideas that’s less well-known?
Coming up with the idea that talking to people can help them (therapy)
What did Freud think cocaine is a cure for?
Asthma, concentration problems, eating disorders, aphrodisiac, and morphine addiction
What is the freudian structure of the mind?
Id, ego, and superego
Define ‘id’ in the freudian structure of the mind
In psychoanalysis, the unconscious psychic entity present at birth representing basic drives.
Define ‘ego’ in the freudian structure of the mind
In psychoanalysis, the psychic entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives
Define ‘superego’ in the freudian structure of the mind
In psychoanalysis, the psychic entity representing the internalized moral standards of parents and society
What are some examples of defense mechanisms?
Repression, sublimation, displacement, denial, rationalization, projection, and reaction formation
Who came up with the idea of a hierarchy of needs?
Abraham Maslow
What did Abraham Maslow contribute to the idea of ‘needs’?
He came up with the hierarchy of needs
What are the 5 sections of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs from top to bottom?
Self-actualization (maximizing one’s potential), Esteem (respect), Belongingness and love (acceptance, affection), Safety (nurturance, money), and Physiological (food, water, air)
What do defense mechanisms do?
They help you cope with guilt or anxiety
True or false: finding the “real problem” is one of the main ideas of therapy
True
True or false: therapy is usually long-term
True
What are two therapy techniques used by Freud?
Free association and dream analysis
What are transference and counter-transference problems?
When patients begin talking to their therapist like they’re a family member and vice-versa
What are the problems with Freud’s approach?
His concepts were rather abstract, and there is little evidence for the efficacy of his treatments and ideas
True or false: most of Freud’s ideas are regarded today as unscientific
True
Who was a founder of humanistic psychology?
Carl Rogers
What was one of the main tools used in Carl Rogers’ therapy sessions?
Unconditional positive regard (the therapist reacts to the patient positively but doesn’t give firm advice/ tell the patient what to do)
Is classical conditioning a behaviorist or humanist idea?
Behaviorist
Who came up with the idea of systematic desensitization?
Joseph Wolpe
Give two examples of behaviorists
Pavlov and Watson
What is behaviorism?
The idea that all human behavior is just a reaction to external stimuli
What is “black box therapy”?
When you slowly desensitize yourself or a patient to a phobia (ex: first imagine a spider, then look at a picture of a spider, then watch a video, etc) to decondition their body’s fear response
What are the 3 key concepts of assessment?
Stability, reliability, and validity
What are two forms of reliability?
Test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability
What are four types of validity?
Concurrent, discriminant, predictive, and face validity
Psychological testing must be ___ and ____
Reliable and valid
Projective tests (such as Rorschach, TAT) have roots in what?
Freudian psychoanalytic tradition (trying to make the unconscious conscious)
What kind of stimuli do projective tests use, and to what degree do they utilize inference in scoring?
They use ambiguous test stimuli with the aim of making the unconscious conscious, and there’s a high degree of inference in scoring
Describe and give examples of objective testing
Objective testing has roots in empirical tradition, its stimuli are less ambiguous, there’s minimal clinical inference in scoring. It also has extensive reliability, validity, and normative database.
Ex: Personality tests, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Classification is central to what?
All sciences
The DSM is now in its ____ edition
5th
What are two problems with the DSM? What do these dilemmas mean?
Its categorical model dominates the conceptualization of mental disorders, and it doesn’t explain the high rates of comorbidity between certain illnesses (ex: depression and anxiety occur together in 80% of cases). Both of these problems suggest that the DSM may be giving one set of symptoms many labels.
Correlation ranges from ___ to ___
-1 to 1 (1 = 100% correlated)
Describe experimental research
It uses the manipulation of independent variables to form casual relations between two or more variables.
Name 4 strategies used in genetic research
Family studies
Adoptee studies
Twin studies
Genotype vs. Phenotype
What two components should be a part of every research program?
They should have several methodologies and replication
Define standardization
Keeping tests consistent in multiple situations (i.e. all participants are given the exact same test in the same conditions)
Describe test-retest reliability
If you take the same test twice, will the results be the same?
What is inter-rater reliability?
The idea that if you take a test twice, but with two different administrators, you should get the same score twice
What does reliability ask about a test?
Is the test measuring what it’s supposed to measure?
What is the future-oriented mood state?
Anxiety
What are the common characteristics of anxiety disorders?
- Anxiety and fear
- Avoidance and escape
- Significant distress/ impairment
What is a panic attack?
• Intense fear or discomfort
• Physical symptoms
(e.g., breathlessness, chest pain)
What can cause anxiety?
- Anxiety and brain circuits; genetic vulnerability
* Depleted levels of GABA
What is a highly effective way to treat anxiety?
Cognitive-behavioral therapies
What does the ‘basic’ anxiety disorder look like?
- Excessive uncontrollable anxiety
- Six months or more
- Anyone and everyone
What are 3 common treatments for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
- Medication!
- CBT
- Meditation therapy
What is OCD?
- Obsessions
- or
- Compulsions
What are the common treatments for OCD?
- SSRIs - Relapse is common
- Psychosurgery (cingulotomy)
- CBT and Exposure!
What is panic disorder?
Unexpected panic attack (i.e., a false alarm)
What percent of people with panic disorder are women?
66%
Give examples of subtypes of specific phobia
- Blood-injury-injection phobia
- Situational phobia
- Natural environment phobia
- Animal phobia
What can cause specific phobias?
- Direct experience
* Biological and evolutionary vulnerability
What are the treatments for specific phobias?
CBT and exposure
What is social phobia?
Extreme and irrational fear in social/performance situations
_____ of the general population has social phobia
12.1%
Social phobia is most commonly found in ____men/women___ and its onset is typically in the _______ stage of life.
Social phobia is most commonly found in women and its onset is typically in the adolescent stage.
What are the common treatments for social phobia?
CBT and exposure
What is symptom cluster #1 for PTSD?
Reexperiencing symptoms
What is symptom cluster #2 for PTSD?
Avoidance and emotional numbing
What is symptom cluster #3 for PTSD?
Hyperarousal symptoms
What is symptom cluster #4 for PTSD?
Negative mood and cognition
What are the common treatments for PTSD?
CBT and exposure therapy
