Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
Chemistry
the science that deals with the materials of the universe and the changes that these materials undergo.
Observation
Recognize the problem and state it clearly.
Experiment
Searching for new information
Theory
set of tested hypotheses that gives an overall explanation of some part of nature.
Scientific Method
Process that lies at the center of scientific inquiry; Observe, Hypothesis, Experiment, Theory, Prediction, Law
Hypothesis
Possible solutions or possible explanations for the observation
Law
Summary of observed behavior
Scientific Notation
expresses a number as a product of a number between 1-10 and the appropriate power of ten.
Mega
M
1,000,000
10^6
kilo
k
1000
10^3
deci
d
0.1
10^-1
centi
c
0.01
10^-2
milli
m
0.001
10^-3
micro
u
0.000001
10^-6
nano
n
0.000000001
10^-9
nonzero integers
always significant
leading zeros
never significant
captive zeros
always significant
trailing zeros
significant in the presence of a decimal
Celsius to Fahrenheit
F=1.80(C) +32
Fahrenheit to Celcius
C=(F-32)/1.80
Density
mass/volume
Matter
has mass
occupies space
Solid
rigid; has a fixed shape and volume
Liquid
has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container
Gas
has no fixed volume or shape; takes the shape and volume of its container.
Physical properties
odor, color, volume, state, density, melting point, and boiling point.
Chemical properties
ability to form new substances
Physical change
involves a change in one or more physical properties but no change in the fundamental components that make up the substance.
Chemical change
involves a change in the fundamental components of the substance; a given substance changes into a different substance or substances.
Element
cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical means.
Compound
substances that have the same composition no matter where we find them.
Mixture
something that has variable composition.
Pure substance
always has the same composition.
Homogenous Mixture
same throughout; does not vary in composition from one region to another.
Heterogenous Mixture
regions that have different properties from those of other regions.
Element symbols
abbreviations for the chemical elements
Atom
tiny particles that make up elements
Chemical Formula
the atoms are indicated by the element symbols, and the number of each type of atom is indicated by a subscript.
Electrons
negative particles in atoms
Nuclear atom
an atom with a dense center of positive charge around which tiny electrons moved in a space that was otherwise empty.
Nucleus
center of the atom
Proton
has the same magnitude of charge as the electron but it is positive.
Neutron
slightly more massive than a proton but has no charge
Isotopes
atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
Atomic number
the number of protons in a nucleus
Mass number
protons + neutrons in nucleus
A X
Z
x=symbol of the element
a= the mass number
z=the atomic number
Alkali metals
Group 1
Alkaline earth metals
Group 2
