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Bio Core I > Chapters 1-3 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cells

A
  • small, membrane-enclosed units filled with a concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals
  • the fundamental units of life
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2
Q

Three domains of life

A
  • Bacteria
    • prokaryotic
  • Archaea
    • prokaryotic
  • Eukaryotes
    • contain protists, plants, animals, and fungi
  • life is carbon-based(organic compounds)
    • the building blocks of life are invariable
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3
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • most diverse and numerous cells on Earth
  • Bacteria and Archaea
  • No nucles; circular chromosome
  • unicellular
  • reproduce asexually
  • Size: 0.2-10 micrometers (µm)
  • may have cell wall made of peptidoglycan
    • test positive for chemical Gram stain
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4
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • show increased complexity
  • genetic material found in nucleus
  • uni- or multicellular
  • reproduce asexually and sexually
  • some have cell walls
  • Size: 10-100 µm
  • membrane bound organelles
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5
Q

Plasma Membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • regulates the flow of material into and out of the cell
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6
Q

Cytosol

A
  • site of the metabolic
  • cytoplasm without other organelles
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7
Q

nucleus

A
  • contains genetic information(DNA)
  • nuclear envelope
    • two concentric membranes
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8
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Involved in protein and lipid synthesis
  • Protein folding
  • Rough
    • studded with ribosomes
  • Smooth
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9
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • Packages and folds proteins received from ER
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10
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Hydrogen peroxide used to break down toxic materials
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11
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Site of intercellular digestion
  • degrade old and worn organelles
  • break down macromolecules
  • part of exchanges between plasma membrane, Golgi, and ER
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12
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Enclosed in two membranes: inner and outer
  • Site of ATP production, chemical fuel for cellular processes
  • Have own DNA
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13
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • Enclosed in two membrans: inner and outer
  • Capture energy from sunlight, site of photosynthesis
  • not in animal or fungi cells
  • have own DNA
    • why: endosymbiotic theory: mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger cells
      • evidence
        • have their own DNA (mtDNA and ctDNA)
        • DNA is circular like bacteria
        • If depleted, cell cannot remake
        • membrane composition similar to bacteria(proteins and lipids)
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14
Q

Animal vs. plant cell organelles

A
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15
Q

Viruses

A
  • not cells
  • cannot reproduce alone (need host)
  • outer protein coat
  • protected interior that contains genetic material(DNA or RNA) ~10 genes
  • Size: 50nm(typically)
    • 100 times smaller than bacteria
  • Viruses are NOT alive
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16
Q

Pandoravirus(2013)

A
  • Giant viruses
    • larger than some bacteria
    • First: Mimivius(2003)
  • Pandoravirus genome: 2500 genes
    • Many unclassifiable
    • Some look like protein making…?
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17
Q

Elements that make up cells and are essential for health

A
  • Cells are made of relatively few types of atoms
    • mainly H,C,O,N
  • “Trace elements” are essential for health but only in tiny quantities
    • some are required to prevent disease
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18
Q

Element

A

pure subtance(a substance with constant composition that can’t be broken down by physical processes) that can’t be decomposed into other substances by ordinary means

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19
Q

Compound

A
  • a pure substance that is composed of 2 or more elements linked together in fixed proportions that can be broken down to those elements by some chemical process
  • elements combine to form compounds
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20
Q

atom

A
  • the smallest particle of an element that cannot be chemically or mechanically divided into smaller particles
  • smallest representative unit/particle of an element
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21
Q

Element Isotopes

A
  • can be stable or radioactive
  • same number of protons AND electrons
  • atoms of an element containing different numbers of neutrons
    • Z is the same, but diff #neutrons
    • A = mass # = #protons + #neutrons
    • Z = atomic number = #protons
    • X = symbol
  • Radioactive isotopes commonly used in medicine
    • I131 used to treat thyroid cancer
    • Diagnostics: alzheimer’s disease
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22
Q

valence shell electrons

A
  • valence shell electrons determine atom properties
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23
Q

ionic bond

A
  • Donating electrons!
  • a chemical bond that results from the electrostatic attraction between a cation and an anion
  • two atoms linked by a chemical bond tend to be lower in chemical energy than those two atoms w/o a bond
    • aka bond = less chemical energy
    • so, bonded atoms are more stable
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24
Q

covalent bond

A
  • sharing one or more pairs of outer shell electrons
    • nonpolar: equal sharing
    • polar: unequal sharing due to electronegativity
      • water is polar!
      • EN increases as you go to the right and up on the periodic table
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25
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A
  • form between hydrogen bound to an electronegative atom and an electronegative atom
    • present in water molecules
  • occurs btwn H atom bonded to a small, highly EN element (FON) and an O or N atom in another molecule.
  • Molecules of HF also form hbonds
    • play a huge role in DNA + allow protein folding
    • also occurs in: water, proteins, and nucleic acids
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26
Q

Hydrophilic substances

A
  • dissolve in water
    • “water-loving”
  • form hydrogen bonds or electrostatic interactions
  • polar molecules
  • ions are solvated
27
Q

pH

A
  • Acid: hydrogen ion donor/makes hydronium(H3O+) ions in solution
  • Base: hydrogen ion accepter/makes hydroxide(OH-) ions in solution
28
Q

Structure of Liquid Water

A
  • water molecule reorients once/picosecond(10-12s)
  • rapidly fluctuating, irregular, hydrogen-bonded network
29
Q

Hydrogen bonds give water many life supporting properties

A
  • Cohesion and surface tension
  • moderates temperature
  • ice is less dense than liquid water
  • “universal” solvent
30
Q

comparison of ionic, p and np covalent

A
31
Q

Building Blocks of the Cell

A
32
Q

Carbohydrates (sugars)

A
  • From small sugar molecules (monomers) to large poly saccharides
    • 1) monosaccharides: simple sugars, basic unit
      • glucose
    • 2) disaccharides: two monosaccharides covalently linked
      • sucrose, lactose, and maltose
    • 3) oligosaccharides: a 2-10 monosaccharides covalently linked
      • glucose, fructose, galactose
    • 4) polysaccharides: polymers consisting of chains of >10 monosaccharide or disaccharide units
      • starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitlin
33
Q

Fatty acids and other lipids

A
  • lipids: water insoluble compounds, soluble in organic solvents
    • includes: phospholipids, steroids, vitamins
      • phospholipids are the main constituent of cell membranes
  • main biological functions:
    • storing energy
    • signaling
    • structural component of cell membranes
  • fatty acids are amphipathic and can be saturated or unsaturated
34
Q

Hydrophobic effect

A
  • tendency of water to minimize contact with hydrophobic molecules
    • hydration of aggregated nonpolar molecules involves less water molecules
35
Q

Micelles

A
  • amphiphiles form micelles and bilayers due to hydrophobic effect
  • amphipathic: hydrophilic and hydrophobic portion
    • Ex: phospholipids
      • key component of cell membranes
36
Q

Amino acids

A
  • Building blocks of proteins(polypeptides)
  • 20 amino acids
    • R: acidic, basic, uncharged polar, and nonpolar
    • have amino group, carboxyl group(COOH), and side chain(R)
37
Q

nucleotide

A
  • building blocks of nucleic acids
    • sugar+phosphate+base
    • can have several phosphates or additional chemical groups
38
Q

nucleoside

A
  • base+sugar = nucleoside
  • when you add phosphate side becomes tide
    • s comes before t
39
Q

Bond strength

A
  • strongest ~ weakest
  • Covalent > noncovalent: ionic > noncovalent: H-bond
40
Q

Weak noncovalent chemical bonds

A
  • biologically important
    • many weak noncovalent bonds can form a strong overall bond
      • van der waals attractions
      • electrostatic attractions
      • hydrogen bonds
41
Q

van der waals attractions

A
  • weak attraction, due to proximity and fluctuating electrical forces
42
Q

electrostatic attractions

A
  • opposite charges/ionic bonds
    • occurs in:
      • two proteins
      • enzyme and substrate
      • charged ions/molecules
43
Q
A
44
Q

catabolic pathway

A

A series of metabolic reactions leading to breakdown of a complex organic molecule to a simpler ones, with release of energy.

45
Q

anabolic pathway/biosynthetic

A

The series of chemical reactions that constructs or synthesizes molecules from smaller units, usually requiring input of energy (ATP) in the process.

46
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A
  • Law 1: conservation of energy: energy can be converted from one form to another but it cannot be created or destroyed.
47
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A
  • Law 2: systems will change spontaneously toward those arrangements/arrangement with the greatest probability
    • OR the total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time
      • entropy: measure of disorder
        • biological order is made possible by the release of heat energy from cells
48
Q

5*How cells extract energy

A
  • key: transfer of electrons during chemical rxns
    • redox rxns
      • oxidation and reduction always happen together
        • OIL: oxidation is loss of e-/CH bonds
        • RIG: reduction is gain of e-/CH bonds
      • COUNT C-H BONDS
        • decrease = oxidation
        • increase = reduction
49
Q

Free Energy (G)

A
  • Energy that can be used to do work/drive reactions
  • free energy = AVAILABLE energy
    • total energy at top = potential energy (P)
      • G reactants
    • total energy at bottom = potential energy(p)
      • G products
    • deltaG= Gproducts–Greactants
      • when deltaG<0 and downhill rxn = energetically favorable
        • cellular respiration
      • when deltaG>0 unfavorable rxn so order is created
      • At chemical equilibrium, deltaG=0 b/c there’s no change in concentrations of reactants
        • photosynthesis
50
Q

Comparing Energetics of Different rxns

A
  • deltaGo
    • depends only on reactants character
    • always calculated in ideal conditions: concentrations of 1M, T=37oC
    • directly proportional to equilibrium constant(K)
51
Q

coupled reaction

A
  • A reaction where the the free energy of a thermodynamically favorable transformation, such as the hydrolysis of ATP, and a thermodynamically unfavorable one, are mechanistically joined into a new reaction
  • In a coupled reaction energy required by 1 process is supplied by another process.
    • one rxn is endothermic and the other is exothermic
  • deltaG=sum of two other deltaGs and can occur as long as it is negative overall
52
Q

phosphoester bond

A

the linkage between the 5’ sugar hydroxyl and a phosphate group

53
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

the linkage between two nucleotides

54
Q

phosphoanhydride bond

A

linkages between phosphate groups

55
Q

base

A

the nitrogen-containing aromatic ring

56
Q

5*glycosidic bond

A

linkage between the sugar and the base

57
Q

three main characteristics that support the rapid evolution of prokaryotic populations

A

large population, rapid growth, can exchange DNA

58
Q

flow of genetic info/central dogma

A

replication, transcription, translation

recriplat

59
Q

enzyme kinetics requires characterization of:

A

the rate of association with the substrate, the rate of catalysis, and the regulation of the enzyme activity

60
Q

in the presence and absence of a competitive inhibitor(smthng similar in shape and size to the enzyme’s substrate) what remains the same?

A

Vmax

61
Q

electrically charged basic aa’s

A

Histidine, Lysine, Arginine

CH2,NH….CHINS!

He-pentagon

Looks-straight

amazing-nah he’s got (NH2) on the right side

62
Q

Polar side chains aa’s

A

Serine, Cysteine, Tyroseine (scirt)

CH2,OH,SH (CH2 oh shit-polarizing opinions)

Serine-OH

Cysteine-SH

Tyroseine-pentagon(mouth)

63
Q

Electrically charged

A

Aspartic, Glutamic

acid is electric

CH2,COOH (OOH acid trip)

aspartic<glutamic>
</glutamic>

64
Q

nonpolar side chain aa’s

A

Valine, Phenylalanine

CH,H3C,CH3 = Valine (CHiVes)

CH2, carbon hexagon = phenylalanine

lala=ring around the rosy

Bio Core I (8 decks)

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