Chapters 1-3 Flashcards
You recently discovered a new element, and find that this particular element has one electron in its outer energy level. What would you expect will happen to an atom of this element of places in water?
It will lose an electron forming a positive ion
In the crystal matrix of ordinary salt, the sodium and chlorine are held together by what?
Ionic bonds
What common life characteristic would cells from a daisy, an apple, and a dog all have in common?
DNA
DNA and RNA contain functional units known as what?
Nucleotides
Oxygen has an atomic mass of 16 and an atomic number of 8. How many neutrons are present?
8
The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of what?
Protons only
A suggested explanation that might be true and is subject to testing by further observations is a what?
Hypothesis
Proteins are polymers formed of structural units called what?
Amino acids
Common lipids for energy storage are
Triglycerides
The same basic array of bones is modified to give us rise to the wing of a bat and the fun of a porpoise. Such atomically structures are called what?
Homologous
She was monitoring the oil spill into the Gulf of Mexico from an oil tanker. From her observations, she noted that the oil was moving as large patches in the water. It did not appear as though the oil was dissolving into the water. Why did the oil not dissolve into the water?
Hydrophobic interactions
Luke sprained his ankle, tearing some of the collagen protein that forms his ligaments. Some types of collagen consist of three polypeptide chains twisted together to form a rope-like strand. What level of protein structure does this rope-like strand represent?
Quaternary level
How many water molecules are formed during the formation of a triglyceride from fatty acids and glycerol?
3
The biological macromolecule that is least soluble in water is what?
Lipid
Margarine is made of hydrogenating vegetable oils so that they take on the consistency of butter. Propose a chemical basis for this change from a liquid to a solid?
Hydrogenation of fats changes them from unsaturated to saturated, which are more solid.
The myoglobin protein, which carries oxygen in muscle cells, has only the first three levels of protein structure. What can you infer about myoglobin?
Myoglobin is made of only one polypeptide chain.
An atom has 20 electrons and 20 neutrons. What is the mass of this atom?
40
Living organisms and nonliving systems have numerous characteristics in common, but only organisms..
Are composed of cells
Vitamin D can be synthesized by the body from a derivative of cholesterol. Given this information, what is Vitamin D’s solubility?
Vitamin D is fat soluble
When two atoms share a pair of electrons, the bonding is referred to as why?
Covalent
Negatively charged subatomic particles that have almost no mass are called what?
Electrons
The method of reasoning that uses construction of general principles by careful examination of many specific cases is called what?
Inductive reasoning
A scientist conducts a procedure that causes nitrogen atoms to gain neutrons. The resulting atoms will be what?
Isotopes of nitrogen
How many water molecules are produced during the formation of a triglyceride from fatty acids and glycerol?
3
Sugars dissolve well in water because of water’s what?
Polarity
Which atomic particle has no charge and is located in the nucleus?
Neutron
When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become negatively or positively charged. These charged atoms are known as what?
Ions
Denaturation disrupts the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins. However, denaturation is not strong enough to disrupt what interaction that is relevant to protein structure?
Peptide bonds
Water molecules are polar with ends that exhibit partial positive and negative charges. These opposite charges allow water molecules to attract each other through what?
Hydrogen bonds
Dr. Ratard was trying to determine the cause of a mysterious epidemic affecting fish in the gulf of New Mexico. His proposal that the deaths were cause by an organism called a protist is considered a(n) what?
Hypothesis
The term that Darwin used toe scribe the concept that those with superior physical, behavior, or other attributes are more likely to survive than those who are not so well endowed, and thus are more likely to pass their traits to the next generation is called what?
Natural selection
Two oxygen atoms joined to each other by the sharing of two pairs of electrons form a what?
Double covalent bond
The subatomic particle with a positive charge is a what?
Proton
All atoms tend to fill their outer energy levels with the maximum number of electrons, usually eight. Depending on whether atoms satisfy the octet rule will predict what?
The chemical behavior of the atom
Atoms in which the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons are known as what?
Ions
The specific amino acid sequence of a protein is its what?
Primary structure
A modified form of cellulose found in the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans is known as what?
Chitin
Carbon-12, Carbon-13, and Carbon-24 are all examples of what?
Isotopes
Matter is composed of what?
Atoms
A yellow jacket, a wasp, and a hornet, all in the order of Hymenoptera, stung me. I see a pattern. All insects in this order must have stingers. What type of reasoning does this represent?
Inductive
The covalent bonds connecting monomer units in sugars can be formed by the removal of a water molecule. This reaction is referred to as what?
Dehydration reaction
Egg whites consist primarily of water and the protein albumin. When you fry an egg, why does the egg white turn from clear to white?
The protein becomes denatured
A nucleus acid contains uracil, allowing you to conclude what?
This nucleus acid is RNA
DNA and RNA contain functional units called what?
Nucleotides
Oxygen has an atomic mass of 16 and an atomic number of 8. How many neutrons are present?
8
Macromolecules that are used by most organisms to store hereditary information are called what?
DNA molecules
Relatively small organic molecules with a central carbon atom which is bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a carbon containing group, and a hydrogen atom are called what?
Amino acids
A concept that is supported by experimental evidence that explains the facts in an area of study is called what?
Scientific theory
The types of bonds found in nucleic acids are what?
Phosphodiester bonds
The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in the solution is referred to as what?
pH
Proteins are created with what?
Peptide bonds
Plants transport water to their leave through the xylem when water evaporates from the leaves. The evaporating water pulls other water molecules up the Xylem through what?
Hydrogen bonds
An explanation that accounts for careful observations
Hypothesis
Phospholipids are made up of what?
A phosphate, two fatty acids and a glycerol
You recently discovered a new element, and find that this particular element has one electron in its outer energy level. What would you expect will happen to an atom of this element of placed in water?
It will lose an electron forming a positive ion
Atoms containing a specific number of protons
Element
Structures that have similar structure and function but different evolutionary origins
Analogous
Proteins are 3D molecules made of strands of amino acids (imagine a ball of string). There are 20 different amino acids used in proteins found in living organisms. Some of these amino acids are polar and others are non-polar. Where would a series of non-Pilate amino acids most likely be located in a protein that is found in an animal cell?
In the interior of the protein
Some individuals have genes that increase their chance of survival and reproduction. These individuals are more likely to reproduce an pass on their genes, causing their genes to become more common in the next generation. What theory is this describing?
Theory of natural selection
At one time, a beautiful wood desk you may do your homework on was a living tree, but it’s tissues have been replaced with minerals. Now, it only exhibits what property of life?
Organization
Experiments are carried out to test a hypothesis by changing one variable at a time an including an unchanged variable called a what?
Control
A student poses a question: how does the presence of dissolved salt affect the freezing point of water? To answer this question, the student set up two conditions. In the first condition, the student added salt to water in a container and referred to this condition as the variable. In the second condition, the student did not add any salt to water in a second container and referred to this condition as the control. The student took both containers and attempted to freeze the water at various temperatures to assess the freezing point. Would this be a valid experiment?
Yes, because there is one variable and control.
Cl + e- ➡️ Cl- is an example of a what?
Reduction
Three fatty acids bonded together with a glycerol are found in a what?
Triglyceride
Osmometer cells in the brain sense an increase in the salt concentration of plasma. This information is sent to the hypothalamus, which notifies the petit art gland to release the hormone, ADH. ADH causes the kidney to save water, which lowers the salt concentration of the plasma. What characteristic of life does this overall pathway represent?
Homeostasis
A DNA molecule containing 32% thymine would contain how much cytosine?
18%
Biological membranes contain bolsters containing mostly what?
Phospholipids
Consider the following electronegativity values: Borin (B)= 1.8 Carbon (C)= 2.5 Chlorine (Cl)= 3.2 Selenium (Se)= 2.6 Which of the following bonds is the most polar? C-Cl Se-Cl B-Cl
B-Cl
Capillary action is one of the forces that aids water’s upward movement in plants. The narrower the diameter of the tube, the farther the water column will rise. Capillary action is a result of water molecules..?
Having an adhesive force, which allows them to attach to the vessel walls
Because water is more electronegative that hydrogen, the water molecule is what?
Polar
Magnesium Chloride is a salt formed with ionic bonds between one Mg ion and two Chloride ions. My has two e- in its outer shell and Cl has seven e- in its outer shell. How are the e- transferred between these atoms?
Mg is oxidized and Cl is reduced
A + H2O ➡️ B + C is an example o what?
Hydrolysis reaction
Atoms of a single element that possess different numbers of neutron are called what?
Isotopes
Humans are unable to get metabolic energy from cellulose because of what?
Cellulose digesting enzymes are absent from the human gut
Base on the literature, you hypothesize that students in traditional biology lectures will have the same grades as students in online biology lectures. You decide to test your hypothesis by comparing grades of students in traditional and online biology lectures over a semester. As a result of the experiment, you observe that the grades in the traditional lecture and the grades in the online lectures are not significantly different. What do these observations allow you to do?
Reject the null hypothesis
The electronegativity of Nitrogen (N) is 3.0, while the electronegativity of Hydrogen (H) is 2.1. Knowing this, consider how the electrons will be shown in ammonia (NH3). What do you predict about the polarity of ammonia?
Each H atom has a partial positive charge.
Carbohydrates are polymers formed of structural units called what?
Monosaccharides
Some individuals have genes that increase their chances for survival and reproduction. These individuals are more likely to reproduce and pass on their genes, causing their genes to become more common in the next generation. What is this a description of?
Theory of Natural Selection
What type of monomer does ATP represent?
Nucleotide
Macromolecules are broken down to monomers in what?
Hydrolysis reactions
