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Biology 151 > Chapters 4-6 > Flashcards

Chapters 4-6 Flashcards

1
Q

The nucleolus is the site of what?

A

Ribosome assembly

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2
Q

As ATP moves from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the cytoplasm of a cell, how many membranes will it pass?

A

2

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3
Q

During cellular respiration, not all of the energy that is contained in a molecule of glucose is converted into the energy stored in ATP. What happened to the remaining energy?

A

It is lost as heat

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4
Q

A distinctive feature of eukaryotes is the organization of tightly packed chromosomal DNA with proteins into a membrane-bound structure is called a what?

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

In an experiment described in a chemistry lab book, the directions state that after mixing two chemicals (A and B) and waiting five minutes that A will be oxidized. What does this mean?

A

Chemical A has lost electrons to chemical B

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6
Q

The Law of Thermodynamics that states that increases in entropy are favored as what?

A

Second Law of Thermodynamics

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7
Q

What type of chemical reactions are the two classes of metabolic reactions (anabolic and catabolic)?

A

Anabolic are endergonic and catabolic are exergonic

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8
Q

The type of movement that is specific and requires carrier molecules and energy?

A

Active transport

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9
Q

Membrane proteins are not very soluble in water, because they possess long stretches of nonpolar amino acids that are what?

A

Hydrophobic

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10
Q

If Na+ levels were depleted in the extra cellular fluid, the rate of glucose movement would do what?

A

Decrease

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11
Q

The Law of Thermodynamics that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed is what?

A

First Law of Thermodynamics

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12
Q

The amount of energy available to do work

A

Free energy

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13
Q

A mixed solution of water and small molecules is exposed to a cell membrane and allowed to interact for an hour. Which molecule (water, NH4+, NH3, aCh3COO-, or Na+) would be most likely to cross the phospholipid bilayer without the aid of transport proteins and diffuses across the membrane the fastest?

A

NH3

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14
Q

While standing at the top of the stairs you have a potential energy of 40J. If you walk all the way down the stairs, what would your potential energy be at the bottom of the stairs?

A

0J

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15
Q

When an atom or molecule gains one or more electrons, it is said to be what?

A

Reduced

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16
Q

The organelle involved in the oxygen-requiring process by which the energy harvested from macromolecules is used to generate ATP is what?

A

Mitochondria

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17
Q

Energy needed to destabilize existing chemical bonds and start a chemical reaction?

A

Activation energy

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18
Q

Which type of protein is embedded in the cell membrane in both active transport and facilitated transport?

A

Carrier

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19
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain what?

A

DNA

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20
Q

Mitochondrial disorders can be caused by mutations in what?

A

Mitochondrial DNA and cytoplasmic DNA

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21
Q

The plasma membrane is a thin sheet embedded with what?

A

Proteins

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22
Q

A cell biologist has developed a new drug that blocks vesicles transport as the cis face of the Golgi apparatus. What will this drug prevent from happening inside a cell?

A

The movement of the lipids and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus

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23
Q

A particular chemical reaction is exergonic. What can you say about the relationship between the reactants and the products?

A

The reactants have more free energy than the products

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24
Q

Which protein class is not found as a a membrane protein? Transport channels, hormones, receptors, enzymes, or identity markers?

A

Hormones

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25
Q

What is the main component of an animal cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids

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26
Q

The lipid layer that forms the foundation of cell membranes is primarily composed of molecules called what?

A

Phospholipids

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27
Q

In eukaryotes, mitochondria are the organelles primarily involved in what?

A

Energy release/capture

28
Q

The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with what?

A

Proteins

29
Q

Chromosomes can be condensed into compact structures, visible with the light microscope, but usually only when?

A

During cell division

30
Q

The chemistry of living systems representing all chemical reactions

A

Metabolism

31
Q

The ultimate source of energy for humans comes from what source?

A

The sun

32
Q

The movement of substances to regions of lower concentration

A

Diffusion

33
Q

Schleiden and Schwann stated the “cell theory” which in its modern form says what?

A

All organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells are the smallest living things, and all cells arise by division of other cells

34
Q

Microfilaments such as actin, microtubules, and the intermediate filaments form the cell-supporting structure called the what?

A

Cytoskeleton

35
Q

Membrane fluid it is affected by what?

A

Temperature, cholesterol, and types of fatty acids

36
Q

If two substances have unequal concentration of a solute, the solution with the lower concentration is called what?

A

Hypotonic

37
Q

If the 🔼G of a reaction was -31.45kJ, you would know what?

A

The reaction is spontaneous

38
Q

The semi-fluid matrix that surround organelles in a cell

A

Cytoplasm

39
Q

When the substrate is bound to the enzyme, the shape of the enzyme may change slightly leading to what?

A

An induced fit

40
Q

Energy is defined as what?

A

The ability to do work

41
Q

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to the concentration of one or more what?

A

Solutes

42
Q

A scientist performs an experiment in which they create an artificial cell with a selectively permeable membrane through which only water can pass. They inject a 5M solution of glucose into the cell and then place the cell into a beaker of water. After an hour, what effect do you expect to observe?

A

Water moves into the cell

43
Q

Ribosomes are made up of what?

A

Proteins and RNA

44
Q

How are the tails and heads of membrane phospholipids oriented in their environment?

A

The hydrophobic tails are oriented towards each other and the hydrophilic heads are oriented to the extracellular fluid and the intercellular fluid

45
Q

Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are different in size. What is a plausible explanation?

A

Eukaryotes have compartmentalization which allows for specialization

46
Q

For the process of diffusion to occur, molecules must what?

A

Move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached

47
Q

A type of transport of a solute across a membrane, up its concentration gradient, using protein carriers driven by the expenditure of chemical energy is known as what?

A

Active transport

48
Q

If a cell biologist placed cells into an environment in which a chemical has been added that blocks the function of only carrier proteins, the process that will be effected is what?

A

Active transport

49
Q

A molecule that closely resembles the shape of a substrate for an enzyme serves as what?

A

Competitive inhibitor

50
Q

Cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of what?

A

Microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement

51
Q

A distinctive feature of eukaryotes is the organization of tightly packed chromosomal DNA with proteins into a membrane-bound structure called a what?

A

Nucleus

52
Q

The type of movement of molecules that is specific and passive, and which becomes saturated if all of the protein carriers are in use

A

Facilitated diffusion

53
Q

The synthesis of sugar molecules through the process of photosynthesis requires energy absorbed from sunlight. Bearings in mind, what kind of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Endergonic

54
Q

The fluid nature of the membranes is attributed to a lateral movement of what?

A

Phospholipids molecules

55
Q

The organelle that can collect, package, modify, and transport molecules is called what?

A

Golgi apparatus

56
Q

The eukaryotic organelle that is directly involved into he transport of proteins synthesized on the surface of the tough ER

A

Golgi body

57
Q

A cuboidal shaped cell with six sides is 1mm X 1mm X 1mm. What is the volume and the surface area of the cell?

A

1mm^3 : 6mm^2

58
Q

Red blood cells are bi-concave. Their shape is determined by interior proteins anchored to the membrane termed as what?

A

Spectrins

59
Q

If two solutions have unequal concentrations of a solute, the solution with the lower concentration is called hat?

A

Hypotonic

60
Q

The actual transport of protons by the proton pump is mediated by a transmembrane protein which undergoes a change

A

Confirmation

61
Q

The evolutionary process that created chloroplasts and mitochondria

A

Endosymbiosis

62
Q

Alcohol consumption adversely affects the synthesis of molecules involved in protein degradation, which can lead to liver damage. Given this information, which organelle in liver cells is most directly affected by alcohol consumption?

A

Lysosomes

63
Q

The accumulation of amino acids and sugars in animal cells can occur through what?

A

Coupled transport

64
Q

If a water molecule passes through the outer membrane of a chloroplast, how many more membranes will it have to move through to be in the stroma?

A

1

65
Q

The cytoplasmic space in eukaryotic cells is occupied by many diverse membrane-bound structures with specific cellular functions called what?

A

Organelles

66
Q

Metabolic reactions fall under two general categories: anabolic and catabolic. What type of chemical reactions are these two classes of metabolic reactions?

A

Anabolic reactions are endergonic reactions, whereas catabolic reactions are exergonic

67
Q

A protein that is destined to reach the plasma membrane is making its way through the Golgi. At that moment, a drug was added to cells, blocking trafficking at the trans face of the Golgi. As a result, what would happen to the protein?

A

The protein would be stuck in the Golgi

Biology 151 (2 decks)

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