Chapters 4-6 Flashcards
The nucleolus is the site of what?
Ribosome assembly
As ATP moves from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the cytoplasm of a cell, how many membranes will it pass?
2
During cellular respiration, not all of the energy that is contained in a molecule of glucose is converted into the energy stored in ATP. What happened to the remaining energy?
It is lost as heat
A distinctive feature of eukaryotes is the organization of tightly packed chromosomal DNA with proteins into a membrane-bound structure is called a what?
Nucleus
In an experiment described in a chemistry lab book, the directions state that after mixing two chemicals (A and B) and waiting five minutes that A will be oxidized. What does this mean?
Chemical A has lost electrons to chemical B
The Law of Thermodynamics that states that increases in entropy are favored as what?
Second Law of Thermodynamics
What type of chemical reactions are the two classes of metabolic reactions (anabolic and catabolic)?
Anabolic are endergonic and catabolic are exergonic
The type of movement that is specific and requires carrier molecules and energy?
Active transport
Membrane proteins are not very soluble in water, because they possess long stretches of nonpolar amino acids that are what?
Hydrophobic
If Na+ levels were depleted in the extra cellular fluid, the rate of glucose movement would do what?
Decrease
The Law of Thermodynamics that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed is what?
First Law of Thermodynamics
The amount of energy available to do work
Free energy
A mixed solution of water and small molecules is exposed to a cell membrane and allowed to interact for an hour. Which molecule (water, NH4+, NH3, aCh3COO-, or Na+) would be most likely to cross the phospholipid bilayer without the aid of transport proteins and diffuses across the membrane the fastest?
NH3
While standing at the top of the stairs you have a potential energy of 40J. If you walk all the way down the stairs, what would your potential energy be at the bottom of the stairs?
0J
When an atom or molecule gains one or more electrons, it is said to be what?
Reduced
The organelle involved in the oxygen-requiring process by which the energy harvested from macromolecules is used to generate ATP is what?
Mitochondria
Energy needed to destabilize existing chemical bonds and start a chemical reaction?
Activation energy
Which type of protein is embedded in the cell membrane in both active transport and facilitated transport?
Carrier
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain what?
DNA
Mitochondrial disorders can be caused by mutations in what?
Mitochondrial DNA and cytoplasmic DNA
The plasma membrane is a thin sheet embedded with what?
Proteins
A cell biologist has developed a new drug that blocks vesicles transport as the cis face of the Golgi apparatus. What will this drug prevent from happening inside a cell?
The movement of the lipids and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus
A particular chemical reaction is exergonic. What can you say about the relationship between the reactants and the products?
The reactants have more free energy than the products
Which protein class is not found as a a membrane protein? Transport channels, hormones, receptors, enzymes, or identity markers?
Hormones
What is the main component of an animal cell membrane?
Phospholipids
The lipid layer that forms the foundation of cell membranes is primarily composed of molecules called what?
Phospholipids
In eukaryotes, mitochondria are the organelles primarily involved in what?
Energy release/capture
The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with what?
Proteins
Chromosomes can be condensed into compact structures, visible with the light microscope, but usually only when?
During cell division
The chemistry of living systems representing all chemical reactions
Metabolism
The ultimate source of energy for humans comes from what source?
The sun
The movement of substances to regions of lower concentration
Diffusion
Schleiden and Schwann stated the “cell theory” which in its modern form says what?
All organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells are the smallest living things, and all cells arise by division of other cells
Microfilaments such as actin, microtubules, and the intermediate filaments form the cell-supporting structure called the what?
Cytoskeleton
Membrane fluid it is affected by what?
Temperature, cholesterol, and types of fatty acids
If two substances have unequal concentration of a solute, the solution with the lower concentration is called what?
Hypotonic
If the 🔼G of a reaction was -31.45kJ, you would know what?
The reaction is spontaneous
The semi-fluid matrix that surround organelles in a cell
Cytoplasm
When the substrate is bound to the enzyme, the shape of the enzyme may change slightly leading to what?
An induced fit
Energy is defined as what?
The ability to do work
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to the concentration of one or more what?
Solutes
A scientist performs an experiment in which they create an artificial cell with a selectively permeable membrane through which only water can pass. They inject a 5M solution of glucose into the cell and then place the cell into a beaker of water. After an hour, what effect do you expect to observe?
Water moves into the cell
Ribosomes are made up of what?
Proteins and RNA
How are the tails and heads of membrane phospholipids oriented in their environment?
The hydrophobic tails are oriented towards each other and the hydrophilic heads are oriented to the extracellular fluid and the intercellular fluid
Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are different in size. What is a plausible explanation?
Eukaryotes have compartmentalization which allows for specialization
For the process of diffusion to occur, molecules must what?
Move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached
A type of transport of a solute across a membrane, up its concentration gradient, using protein carriers driven by the expenditure of chemical energy is known as what?
Active transport
If a cell biologist placed cells into an environment in which a chemical has been added that blocks the function of only carrier proteins, the process that will be effected is what?
Active transport
A molecule that closely resembles the shape of a substrate for an enzyme serves as what?
Competitive inhibitor
Cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of what?
Microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
A distinctive feature of eukaryotes is the organization of tightly packed chromosomal DNA with proteins into a membrane-bound structure called a what?
Nucleus
The type of movement of molecules that is specific and passive, and which becomes saturated if all of the protein carriers are in use
Facilitated diffusion
The synthesis of sugar molecules through the process of photosynthesis requires energy absorbed from sunlight. Bearings in mind, what kind of reaction is photosynthesis?
Endergonic
The fluid nature of the membranes is attributed to a lateral movement of what?
Phospholipids molecules
The organelle that can collect, package, modify, and transport molecules is called what?
Golgi apparatus
The eukaryotic organelle that is directly involved into he transport of proteins synthesized on the surface of the tough ER
Golgi body
A cuboidal shaped cell with six sides is 1mm X 1mm X 1mm. What is the volume and the surface area of the cell?
1mm^3 : 6mm^2
Red blood cells are bi-concave. Their shape is determined by interior proteins anchored to the membrane termed as what?
Spectrins
If two solutions have unequal concentrations of a solute, the solution with the lower concentration is called hat?
Hypotonic
The actual transport of protons by the proton pump is mediated by a transmembrane protein which undergoes a change
Confirmation
The evolutionary process that created chloroplasts and mitochondria
Endosymbiosis
Alcohol consumption adversely affects the synthesis of molecules involved in protein degradation, which can lead to liver damage. Given this information, which organelle in liver cells is most directly affected by alcohol consumption?
Lysosomes
The accumulation of amino acids and sugars in animal cells can occur through what?
Coupled transport
If a water molecule passes through the outer membrane of a chloroplast, how many more membranes will it have to move through to be in the stroma?
1
The cytoplasmic space in eukaryotic cells is occupied by many diverse membrane-bound structures with specific cellular functions called what?
Organelles
Metabolic reactions fall under two general categories: anabolic and catabolic. What type of chemical reactions are these two classes of metabolic reactions?
Anabolic reactions are endergonic reactions, whereas catabolic reactions are exergonic
A protein that is destined to reach the plasma membrane is making its way through the Golgi. At that moment, a drug was added to cells, blocking trafficking at the trans face of the Golgi. As a result, what would happen to the protein?
The protein would be stuck in the Golgi
