Chapters 1-3 Flashcards
What is the Code of Hammurabi?
A legal code during the Babylonian era, one of the first comprehensive legal codes.
Who is Jeremy Bentram?
a criminologist who believed that laws are in place to protect society, utilitarianism (greatest good for the society)
Who is Cesare Beccaria?
one of the founders of the Classical School of criminology
Who is Zebulon Brockway?
Superintendant of Elmira Reformatory of New York
Who is Alexander Maconochie?
director of the prison colony of Australia and set up the mark system
What is the “Bill of Rights”?
The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution
What is the Irish “mark system”?
A system where prisoners earn “marks” used to buy food and clothing
What is a penitentiary?
a facility where convicted offenders are isolated from society.
What is a reformatory?
a system for sentencing youthful offenders using classification, education, vocational training, and earned privileges.
What is general deterrence?
the idea that punishment of a person for a criminal act will discourage others from committing crimes.
What is retribution?
demanded repayment for wrongdoing, “getting even,” payback.
What is meant by “release on own recognizance” (ROR)?
Release without bail of persons that are a good risk to show up for trial
What is meant by the term “bail”?
Temporary conditional release where money or property is submitted to ensure return for trial
What is the Bail Reform Act of 1964?
A federal act which formalized preventative detention
What are determinate sentences?
sentences that require a definitive term of time. Also called “flat sentence” or “mandatory sentence.”
What is the three-strikes law?
laws for repeat offenders that require long sentences, without parole, for the third and higher order felony.
What is a consecutive sentence?
two or more criminal sentences imposed at the same time but served one after another.
What is a concurrent sentence?
two or more criminal sentences imposed at the same time and served simultaneously.
What does the term “judicial reprieve” mean?
Permits the trial judge to suspend judgment until offenders obtain either new evidence or a pardon
What is meant by “diversion”?
A form of punishment allowing the offender to stay in the community.
What is a presentence investigation (PSI)?
An investigation of the defendant’s background to help the court decide sentencing.
What is the practice of shock probation?
A motion to suspend the remainder of a sentence, after a felon has served a period of time in prison.
