Chapter 1 Flashcards
The Correctional System
What is law enforcement responsible for?
maintaining public order, preventing crime, and apprehending suspects
What is the courts responsible for?
ensuring fair trials and determining guilt or innocence
What is the courtroom responsible for?
reintegrating offenders into society
What is corrections?
The institutions and methods that society uses to correct, control, and change the behavior of individuals convicted of a crime
What is the Code of Hammurabi?
Law code issued during the reign of Hammurabi of Babylon. The law of lex talionis makes its appearance in this code, one of the first comprehensive views of the law.
What is monastic confinement?
Prisons established by the church in the Middle Ages for those involved in acts that violated religious principles.
What is bridewells?
Houses of corrections run by local authorities to teach habits of industry to vagrants and idlers.
What is the Irish Mark system?
A system in which prisoners received “marks of commendation” for completing assigned tasks. They could use the marks to buy food and clothing. Prisoners who accumulated enough marks received a ticket of leave
What is a penitentiary?
A prison in which people found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal society.
What is the Pennyslvania model?
A penal system based on the belief that most incarcerated people would benefit from the experience of incarceration.
What is the Auburn silent system?
A system first used in the prison in Auburn, New York, that demanded silence from all prisoners at all times, even when they were eating or working together
What is the reformatory model?
A system first used in the prison in Auburn, New York, that demanded silence from all prisoners at all times, even when they were eating or working together
What is mass incarceration?
A term given to the high rates of incarceration in the United States.
What is just deserts?
Punishment that is commensurate with the seriousness of the offense or harm done.
What is retribution?
Something given or demanded as repayment for wrongdoing, “getting even” for violating the social contract on which the law is based.
What is general deterrence?
The idea that punishing one person for a criminal act will discourage others from committing similar acts.
What is specific deterrence?
The idea that an individual offender will decide against repeating an offense after experiencing the painfulness of punishment for that offense.
What is incapacitation?
Isolating convicted persons to protect society.
What is rehabilitation?
Changing an offender’s character, attitudes, or behavior patterns so as to diminish their criminal propensities.
What is restorative justice?
Making amends to the victim or to society for the harm resulting from a criminal offense.
Who is Charles Montesquieu?
French judge, historian, and political philosopher. One of the founders of the Classical (rational choices and decision-making) School of Criminology (study of crime)
Who is Jeremy Bentham?
Founder of classical school of criminology, believed that the law
could be served using “well-being for the greatest number of citizens (utilitarianism)
Who is John Howard?
Sheriff of Bedfordshire, England, ws a prison reformer. Wrote “State of the Prisons”
Who is Alexander Maconochie?
Was a Scottish naval officer and penal
reformer. Governor of Norfolk Island,
Australia. Employed the “mark
system”, award system, for increased
responsibility.
Who is Zebulon Brockway?
Father of American Parole, was a former corrections professional
who introduced work and release supervision programs. As superintendent of Elmira reformatory, he introduced education, trade
training, physical activity, and inmate classification.
Who is Walter Crofton?
Prison administrator
in Ireland. Established the three
stages of confinement, earning more
privileges (The Irish System), including
half-way houses. Ticket of Leavesgranted conditional release.
Who is Halter Gill?
Norfolk State Prison
Colony (1927), Classification and
assessment of prisoners, open
campus style, Medical model of
correction and rehabilitation.
