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APUSH > Chapters 1-2 (don't use) > Flashcards

Chapters 1-2 (don't use) Flashcards

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AP® U.S. History flashcards
1
Q

the transition from hunting and gathering to farming. In Central America at about 8,000 b.c.e. aided by the development of cron

A

Neolithic revolution

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2
Q

small bands of people living in isolation

A

North American societies before outside contact

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3
Q

acute population pressure, constant warfare, new ideas (aided by the printing press), Protestant Reformation and large nation-states were prevelant

A

European societies before outside contact

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4
Q

African societies before outside contact

A

villages and big cities along trade routes along with herding peoples in the Sahara

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5
Q

the treaty, brokered by the pope, confirmed Portugal’s right to control the route around Africa to India, and Spain’s claim to most of the newly discovered lands of America.

A

Treaty of Tordesillas

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6
Q

Spanish ‘conqueror’ or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G’s: gold, God, and glory.

A

conquistadores

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7
Q

a kind of feudalism granting Spanish colonists control of conquered lands and obliging the Indians to provide forced labor and a fixed portion of their harvests

A

ecomienda system

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8
Q

Italian explorer who led the English expedition (giving England claim to the land) in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)

A

John Cabot

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9
Q

Italian explorer of the Atlantic coast of North America

A

Giovanni de Verrazano

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10
Q

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)

A

Jacques Cartier

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11
Q

French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva

A

John Calvin

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12
Q

German theologian who led the Reformation (believed Grace was granted based on faith)

A

Martin Luther

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13
Q

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England’s break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

A

King Henry VIII

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14
Q

enabled groups of investors to pool their capital and limit their individual responsibilities to the sums actually invested

A

joint-stock componies

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15
Q

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada with secrete aid from Elizabeth I

A

Francis Duke

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16
Q

English navigator who in 1583 established in Newfoundland the first English colony in North America, but decided to move to a better area and was killed in a storm on his way home

A

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

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17
Q

English courtier (a favorite of Elizabeth I) who tried to colonize Virginia (Roanoke)

A

Walter Raleigh

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18
Q

Established in 1587, the first English colony, called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don’t know what became of the

A

Roanoke

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19
Q

Main promoter of colonization by England (with royal aid) in the New World. Reasons included surplus of English labor and thwarting Spain.

A

Richard Hakluyt

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20
Q

succeeded Elizabeth I, persecuted the Puritans, led to many moving to america

A

King James I

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21
Q

group of merchants who paid for the founding of Jamestown

A

London company

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22
Q

English army captain whose strict discipline helped the Jamestown settlement to survive

A

Captain John SMith

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23
Q

First permanent English settlement in North America (1607)

A

Jamestown

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24
Q

English settler at Jamestown (he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

A

John Rolfe

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25
Q

original tribes in the area surrounding Jamestown, gave the settlers food, taught them the ways of the forests and introduced new crops (corn and yams), constantly warring with the settlers

A

powhaten indinans

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26
Q

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

A

House of Burgesses

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27
Q

A colony under the direct control of a monarch (English Crown)

A

royal colony

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28
Q

Protestant sect in England hoping to “purify” the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization, stressed simplicity and faith. Settled the Mass. Bay Colony

A

Puritans

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29
Q

the national church of England (and all other churches in other countries that share its beliefs), created by Henry VIII

A

Anglican church

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30
Q

16th century theology (named after its founder Jacobus Arminius) that opposes the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin and holds that human free will is compatible with God’s sovereignity, stresses free will

A

Arminianism

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31
Q

People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.

A

Separatists

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32
Q

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

A

William Bradford

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33
Q

a history of Plymouth written by William Bradford

A

Of Plymouth Plantation

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34
Q

Native American leader and friend of the early colonists. He was the first to sell land to the Pilgrims (1625).

A

Samoset

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35
Q

Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques (fish, farm and hunt) and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag.

A

squanto

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36
Q

the ship in which the Pilgrims sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620

A

mayflower

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37
Q

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

A

mayflower compact

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38
Q

English Puritans, seeking religious freedom, who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

A

pilgrams

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39
Q

Leader of the first settlers at Massachusetts Bay Colony

A

John Winthrop

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40
Q

when more than 15,000 Puritans journeyed to Massachusetts to escape religious persecution and economic hard times (1630-1640)

A

great migration

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41
Q

1630 - Puritan settlement and government in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.

A

Massachusetts Bay Colony

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42
Q

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Providence, Rhode Island

A

Roger Williams

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43
Q

Preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.

A

Anne Hutchinson

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44
Q

the theological doctrine that by faith and God’s grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture), religious leaders are unnecessary

A

antinomianism

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45
Q

Roger WIlliams; Puritans; wanted religious tolerance, separation of church and state and democratic gov.

A

Rhode Island

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46
Q

Founded in 1639, drafted the Fundamental Orde

A

Thomas Hooker and Connecticut

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47
Q

The constitution of the Connecticut River colony drawn up in 1639, it established a government controlled in democratic style by the “substantial” citizens.

A

fundamental orders

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48
Q

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot, result of competition for Dutch trade and friction over land boundaries; pequot virtually wiped out

A

pequot wars

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49
Q

Chief of the Wampanoag Indians who led an attack on villages throughout New England. This was the largest conflict in 1675, called King Phillip’s War (he was nicknamed “King Phillip”)

A

metacom

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50
Q

an attack on villages throughout New England in an effort to drive out the English. This was the largest conflict in 1675, led by Metacom

A

King Phillip’s War

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51
Q

persons given large areas of land by a charter from the king

A

proprietors

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52
Q

Founded by Lord Baltimore, safe haven for Catholics, created the Act of Toleration

A

Maryland

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53
Q

1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

A

Lord Baltimore

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54
Q

act that allowed freedom of worship for all Christians in Maryland, kept peace between Catholics and Protestants

A

Toleration Act

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55
Q

1690 - The first permanent settlement in the Carolinas, named in honor of King Charles II. Much of the population were Huguenot (French Protestant) refugees.

A

Charleston

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56
Q

a settlement established by the Dutch, captured by the English and renamed New York

A

New Amsterdam

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57
Q

was established in 1638, taken over by New Netherlands (the Dutch) in 1655 and encompassed southern NJ, parts of PA and Delaware

A

New Sweden

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58
Q

Charles II gave the entire area between Connecticut and Maryland to his brother. This created a problem with the Dutch who occupied this area. In 1664 English forces capture New Amsterdam without a fight and the rest of the Dutch settlements soon followed. He gave New jersey to Lord Berkely and Sir George Carteret.

A

Duke of York

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59
Q

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preach a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

A

Quakers

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60
Q

Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718)

A

William Penn

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61
Q

William Penn’s title for his colony in Pennsylvania, dealt fairly with Indians, freedom of religion

A

Holy Experiment

62
Q

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages.

A

Columbian Exchange

63
Q

Why English settlers came for opportunity

A

For religious freedom, more land and more economic opportunities

64
Q

Spanish accomplishments in opening the New World to exploration

A

Spain was the first to seize the opportunities (for labor, land and goods) created by the New World. They continually funded more explorations. The conquistadores destroy native populations. Spanish explorers are the first to discover and colonize much of the Americas (especially the southern end)

65
Q

Evaluate Mass. Bay’s role as the center of English settlements

A

a democratic Puritan settlement, many Puritans came here during the Great Migration, many more colonies were created around it, original home of Williams and Hutchinson, first example of major Puritan colony

66
Q

Requirements of successful colonization

A

peaceful relationship with the natives, knowledge of the land and its benefits, knowledge of how to work the land, good/strict leadership, cultural/religious acceptance

67
Q

the first people to live in America. Their culture was influenced by their ENVIRONMENTS and they caught diseases by Europeans through the Colombian Exchange

A

NAtive Americans

68
Q

narrow strip of land that joins two larger landmasses

A

land bridge

69
Q

a member of a group of North American Indian peoples who spoke a Siouan language and who ranged from Lake Michigan to the Rocky Mountains

A

Siouix

70
Q

formerly living in Nebraska and Kansas but now largely in Oklahoma

A

PAwnee

71
Q

a communal village built by Indians in the southwestern United States

A

Pueblo

72
Q

Mound-building people who lived in the Ohio River Valley

A

Adene

73
Q

A mound builder society that was centered in the Ohio River Valley from about 200 B.C to AD 400

A

Hopewell

74
Q

the last Mound Builder culture that lasted from AD 800 to the arrival of the Europeans in the 1500s.

A

Missisipian

75
Q

A term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK.

A

Iriquois

76
Q

types of iriquois

A

SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK.

77
Q

The Indians of one of the most advanced early civilizations of the Western Hemisphere; made their home in Central America.

A

mayans

78
Q

Ancient civilization (1200-1500AD) that was located in the Andes in Peru

A

Incas

79
Q

Ancient civilization (1200-1521AD) that was located in what is present-day Mexico City

A

Aztecs

80
Q

the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world

A

Renaissance

81
Q

navigational instrument for finding directions

A

compass

82
Q

invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda; laid basis for formation of distinct political parties; enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjects

A

Printing Press

83
Q

a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula

A

Spain

84
Q

Spanish Muslims

A

moors

85
Q

This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition

A

Ferdinand and Isabella

86
Q

a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula

A

Portugal

87
Q

(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.

A

Henry the Navigator

88
Q

Group of people united under one independent government. These formed out of nationalism.

A

nation states

89
Q

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

A

Christopher Columbus

90
Q

the hemisphere that includes North and South America

A

New World

91
Q

Florentine navigator who explored the coast of South America

A

Amerigo Vespucci

92
Q

line drawn by the Pope dividing the land in the New World into 2 parts, with Portugal being granted the East and Spain being granted the West

A

Papal Line of Demarcation

93
Q

Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific Ocean (1475-1519)

A

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

94
Q

Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain

A

Ferdinand Magellan

95
Q

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

A

Hernan Cortez

96
Q

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)

A

Francisco Pizarro

97
Q

spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain

A

conquistadors

98
Q

priviledge given by Spain to Spanish settlers in the Americas which allowed to control the lands and people of a certain territory

A

Encomienda System

99
Q

System that took slaves to the New World to work for the Spanish. Required that a tax be paid to the Spanish ruler for each slave brought over.

A

Asiento System

100
Q

Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)

A

John CAbot

101
Q

Italian navigator, who was commissioned by France to find a Northwest Passage leading through the Americas to Asia; explored part of North America’s eastern coast, including New York harbor (France)

A

Giovanni de Verrazano

102
Q

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)

A

JAques Cartier

103
Q

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

A

Samuel de Champlain

104
Q

French navigator who explored the upper Mississippi River in 1673 with Louis Jolliet

A

Father Jacques Marquette

105
Q

French man that explored MS River

A

Robert de la Salle

106
Q

English navigator who discovered the Hudson River

A

Henry Hudson

107
Q

ounded a chain of 21 missions along the California coast

A

Father Junipero Serra

108
Q

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

A

Virginia Company

109
Q

a Powhatan woman (the daughter of Powhatan) who befriended the English at Jamestown and is said to have saved Captain John Smith’s life (1595-1617). Married John Rolfe.

A

Pocahontas

110
Q

Protestant sect in England hoping to “purify” the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

A

puritans

111
Q

People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.

A

sepratists

112
Q

colony formed by the Pilgrims (separatists) when they arrived at Plymouth Rock in 1620

A

plymouth

113
Q

when more than 15,000 Puritans journeyed to Massachusetts to escape religious persecution and economic hard times

A

great migration

114
Q

New World sent raw goods to Europe, who brought manufactured goods and slaves to America and Africa - de las Casas

A

African Slave Trade

115
Q

founded by Samuel de Champlain as a fur trading post. Was the first French colony - de Champlain

A

Quebec

116
Q

French Missionaries

A

1620s Jesuit missionaries converted Natives by not being greedy and learning Native culture before trying to convert. helped keep relations amicable. - Marquette

117
Q

French missionary who accompanied Louis Joliet in exploring the upper Mississippi River valley in 1673. Built relations with tribes in Northern WI, MI, Ontario (Huron, Ottawa)

A

Pere Jacques Marquette

118
Q

French explorer who claimed Louisiana and Mississippi River for France. Set up trading posts along river including St. Louis - Marquette

A

Robert LaSalle

119
Q

A system by the British governemnt in which a family paid for the cost of the ship to go to America and received 50 acres for each person in the family. - indentured servants

A

Headright system

120
Q

a person working in the service of another who paid for them to come to the new world. - Headright system

A

indentured servatude

121
Q

Martin Luther was upset with the way the Catholic Church was run (indulgences sold, priests living in luxury) and established a new Christian sect. German princes back him, stopped paying Rome, and took Church lands - Anglican Church

A

pro ref

122
Q

Queen of England, made Anglican Church official religion, little interest in colonizing America

A

Elizabeth 1

123
Q

Speech given by John Winthrope to encourage the puritans to rise above the other colonists

A

John Winthrop

124
Q

General Court

A

legislature of the Puritans to which only male members of the Church could belong. They needed to be lay and were voted on by other male members of the church.

125
Q

First Constitution in America

A

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

126
Q

Squatter’s Rights

A

former indentured servants who took land and offered to pay the owners when they came for the land the lived on but not the improvements made to it. - indentured servant

127
Q

Farmers were not allowed to attack Natives for more land or in response to attacks so Nathaniel Bacon led the farmers to fight and killed Natives, got attack authorized, killed more, then burned Jamestown. Died of dysentery and order restored

A

Bacon’s Rebellion

128
Q

founded Savannah and wanted farmers to work their own land and no alcohol. Ideas eventually fell apart

A

James Oglethorpe

129
Q

Parliament impeaches James II for too much tolerance of Catholics. William of Orange becomes King. Andros is thrown in jail.

A

Glorious Revolution

130
Q

colonies sent raw items to England who picked up slaves and brought manufactured goods back to America

A

Triangular Trade

131
Q

Accused 25 women of being witches and hanged 19 of them. Governor Phips stopped executions after convincing by Cotton Mather

A

Salem witch trials

132
Q

Governor of Virginia where his policies were the targets of Bacon’s Rebllion

A

William Berkley

133
Q

Supporter of English colonization, wrote Disclosure on Western Planting to convince Elizabeth I to colonize America for strategic and economic reasons

A

Richard Hakluyt

134
Q

Governor of the Dominion of New England. Attempted to abolish the Massachusetts assembly, enforce religious toleration and collect taxes - Glorious Revolution

A

Edmund Andros

135
Q

Uprising in western Penn by farmers triggered by eastern indifference to Indian attacks. Murdered Consetoga Indians. Ben Franklin stopped from going to Philadelphia

A

Paxton Boys

136
Q

Maryland in 1632, and all English colonies after 1660 owned by one person sold land to colonists and taxed for profit

A

Proprietary Colonies

137
Q

governor of Pilgrim Separatists. wrote history called Of Plymouth Plantation.

A

William Bradford

138
Q

Granted limited membership to Puritan church. Allowed to be baptized but not allowed to take communion or say in church (political) affairs

A

Half-Way Covenant

139
Q

Governing scheme to bring more imperial supervision of the colonies. Edmund Andros was sent over to enforce the laws.

A

Dominion of New England

140
Q

First sailor (and crew) to sail around the world

A

Ferdinand Magellan

141
Q

Colony of Dutch in Hudson Valley on current day Albany.

A

FOrt Orange

142
Q

New Englanders tried to extend territory into Connecticuit but Pequots refused. Natives thought more honorable to take pows but Europeans just wanted to kill the enemy.

A

Pequot’s War

143
Q

Argued against de las Casas that teh Natives were born slaves and should be used so in America

A

Gines de Sepulveda

144
Q

Protestant migrants from the English border, had no respect for Natives, problems dealing with government - Paxton Boys

A

Scotish-Irish

145
Q

Quaker convert trying to get Quakers out of Puritan jail and was executed

A

Mary Dyer

146
Q

Influential figure in the First Great Awakening gave speech Sinners at the Hands of and Angry God - instilled fear

A

Johnathan Edwards

147
Q

As more and more people stopped practicing the Puritan faith, the Church’s influence dwindled in politics. Not in the faith allowed an easier life.

A

Secular Puritanism

148
Q

Instilled fear into Puritans for not following their faith and stopped the secularization of the colonies for a couple decades. - Jonathon Edwards, Secular Puritanism

A

First Great Awakening

149
Q

Influential preacher who brought hysteria during the Salem Witch Trials and convinced people that the devil was influencing people. - Salem Witch Trials

A

Cotton Mather

150
Q

New Englanders tried to extend territory into Connecticuit but Pequots refused. Natives thought more honorable to take pows but Europeans just wanted to kill the enemy.

A

pequots war

151
Q

founded by George Fox, believed all had an inner light, people were born good, people were equal, pacifists, equality of sexes, and a plain lifestyle. - William Penn, Inner Light

A

quakers

152
Q

Quaker belief that everyone has a personal relationship with God and you need to look inside to find it. There is no priest to tell you what it is but you share your experience with the community.

A

inner-light

APUSH (6 decks)

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