Chapters 1-2

Question 1

physiology

Answer 1

what is the mechanism by which a function is accomplished? how did that mechanism come to be?

Question 2

conformity

Answer 2

internal and external conditions are equal

Question 3

regulation

Answer 3

animal maintains internal constancy in the face of external variability

Question 4

homeostasis

Answer 4

internal constancy; existence of regulatory systems that automatically make adjustments to maintain internal constancy

Question 5

acute

Answer 5

short-term changes in the physiology of individual animals; reversible

Question 6

chronic

Answer 6

long-term changes in the physiology of individual animals; changes that individuals display after they have been in new environments for days, weeks, or months

Question 7

phenotypic plasticity

Answer 7

there is some variability in how an individual’s phenotype is expressed based on environmental and epigenetic controls

Question 8

microenvironment

Answer 8

places within an environment that potentially differ from the envronment at large in their physical or chemical conditions

Question 9

pleiotropy

Answer 9

control by an allele of a single gene of two more more distincy and seemingly unrelated traits

Question 10

proximal

Answer 10

how a particular design of a mechanism works

Question 11

ultimate

Answer 11

how that particular design came into being

Question 12

examples of conformity

Answer 12

most fish do not regulate their body temperatures; they are the same temperature as the water in their environment

Question 13

examples of regulation

Answer 13

chloride regulation in fish

Question 14

gap junction

Answer 14

open pores between cells (formed by connexin); the two adjacent cells lack cell membrane boundaries and there is a continuity between the cytoplasm of the cells

Question 15

epithelia

Answer 15

sheet of cells that covers a body surface or organ or lines a cavity