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PSY101 > Chapters 1,2, & 3 > Flashcards

Chapters 1,2, & 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mind

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2
Q

What makes psychology a science?

A

It utilizes the scientific method to obtain data through observation and experimentation

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3
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

Problem solving by testing ideas and solutions

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4
Q

What is a theory?

A

A generally accepted statement that explains a phenomenon.

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5
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

An answer or explanation about an observation that can be tested

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6
Q

Common myths/misunderstanding about psychology

A

It is common sense
Only focuses on mental illnesses

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7
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

A process to conduct research which includes a cycle of exploration, thinking, and observation

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8
Q

Steps of the scientific method

A

Develop a question
Develop a hypothesis
Design study and collect data
Analyze data
Publish findings

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9
Q

Describe naturalistic observation

A

Environment is not disturbed where variables are defined and cannot be manipulated. Involves systematic observation

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10
Q

Pros of naturalistic observation

A

Allows us to observe natural world including complex social interactions

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11
Q

Cons of naturalistic observation

A

Unwanted variables in natural environment and replication of research difficult

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12
Q

Describe surveys

A

A method of gathering information by asking questions to a sample of people to understand the population

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13
Q

Pros of surveys

A

Obtains large amounts of information quickly while being less expensive

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14
Q

Cons of surveys

A

Wording can lead to bias
Participants not always truthful
Can lead to inaccurate representation of attitudes and beliefs
Only skins the surface
Fails when response rate falls short

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15
Q

What are case studies?

A

Detailed examinations of individuals or small groups

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16
Q

Pros of case studies

A

Obtains large amounts of data on particular people and groups
Allows study of unique cases

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17
Q

Cons of case studies

A

Does not have generability

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18
Q

Correlation method

A

Examines relationships among variable

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19
Q

Pros of correlation method

A

Assists in making predictions

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20
Q

Cons of correlation method

A

Does not prove causation

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21
Q

Archival research

A

Uses last records or data to answer research questions, search for patterns or relationships

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22
Q

Pros of archival research

A

Access to primary resources, diversity of data, cost-effective

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23
Q

Cons of archival research

A

Chances data could be incomplete or biased

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24
Q

Longitudinal research

A

Same group of individuals surveyed or measured repeatedly over extended period of time

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25
Pros of longitudinal research
Can establish cause and effect and track changes over time
26
Cons of longitudinal research
Researchers expect some participants to drop out
27
Which research method only way to prove causation
Experimentation
28
What are two conditions necessary to prove causation
Correlation and temporal sequence
29
What is a population of interest?
All members of identified group researcher interested in
30
Random sampling
Sunset of population selected that ensures all members have equal chance of being chosen
31
Variable
Measurable characteristic
32
Independent variable
One being manipulated in experiment
33
Dependent variable
Response recorded
34
Confounding variable
Unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables
35
Correlation study
Examines relationship along variables
36
Experiment
Scientific observation or manipulations of variables to find causation
37
Correlation coefficient
Measures strength and direction of relationship between two variables
38
Placebo
Fake treatment that looks authentic
39
Double-blind study
Neither researchers or participants know what treatment if given
40
Functionalism
Mental activities help organism adapt to environment
41
Structuralism
Understanding conscious mind through introspection
42
Introspection
Examines own conscious experience by breaking it into parts
43
Gestalt psychology
Focuses on humans as a whole than as individuals
44
Biological psychology
Knowledge about physiology to explain behavior and mental processes Explores how biological factors are in behavior and cognition
45
Behavioral psychology
Focuses on study of human behavior as well as causes and how to change them
46
Cognitive psychology
Study of mental processes that direct behavior and focuses on concepts such as thinking, memory, and language
47
Psychodynamic theory
How the unconscious mind can influence behavior and emotions
48
Humanistic psychology
Human nature essential positive People inclined to grow for the better
49
Sociocultural psychology
Social and cultural factors influence behavior
50
Evolutionary psychology
Humans have adaptive traits and behaviors that appear to evolve over time Based on Darwin’s theory of evolution
51
Biopsychosocial psychology
Examines biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors including behavior
52
Wilhelm Wundt
Founded 1st psychology lab Father of psychology Measured through introspection Structuralism
53
George Sanchez
Argued against intelligence testing in Mexican American children Shared evidence that language and cultural barriers in testing prevented children from having equal opportunities
54
Sigmund Freud
Founded psychoanalytic theory Dominated clinical psychology for many years Theorized many patient’s problems came from unresolved conflicts in unconscious mind Believed conscious mind can be assessed though free association and dream analysis Talk therapy
55
William James
Functionalism Offered 1st psychology class in U.S
56
Mary Whiton Calkins
Established own lab at Wellesley College 1st female president of APA
57
Mamie Phipps Clark
Explored impact of race relations on self esteem and helped desegregate schools in US
58
John B. Watson
Father of behaviorism Established behaviorism
59
Carl Rogers
Founded humanistic psychology Saw people needed unconditional positive regard
60
Francis Cecil Sumner
Father of Black psychology 1st African American to receive PhD in psychology
61
B.F Skinner
Behavioral perspective Focuses on operational conditioning
62
Operational conditioning
Behaviors are rewarded or punished
63
Psychoanalytic theory
Role of person’s unconscious and early childhood experiences
64
Biopsychology
Study how structure and function of nervous system generate behavior
65
Developmental psychology
Studies physical and mental attributes of aging and maturation
66
Personality psychology
Focuses on behaviors and thought patterns that are unique to everyone
67
Social psychology
How individuals interact and relate with others and how such interactions can affect behavior
68
Health psychology
Focuses on how individual health is directly related or affected by biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences
69
Clinical psychology
Focuses on diagnosis and treatments of psychological disorders and problematic patterns of behavior
70
Industrial/organizational psychology
Applies psychological theories, principles, and research to industrial and organizational settings
71
Sports and exercise psychology
Focuses on psychological aspects regarding sports and physical performance
72
Forensic psychology
Dealing with justice system Assessment of individuals mental competency to stand trial, sentencing and treatment suggestions, and advisement regarding eyewitness testimonies
73
Informed consent
Asking for consent to be part of an experiment after being told the risks and benefits of it as well as the possible consequences
74
Debriefing
Happens after research and informs participants about any use of deception used in experiment as well as any other info about study
75
Number one rule in APA ethics
Do no harm
76
Institutional review board
Review board that ensures highest degree of ethical standards
77
What is a neuron?
A nerve cell
78
Parts of a neuron
Cell body Nucleus Cell membrane Dendrites Axon Terminal buttons Myelin sheath
79
What is neuroscience?
Study of brain and nervous system
80
What kind of signaling occurs in nervous system?
Electrical and chemical
81
What is an action potential?
A neuron impulse
82
Most important function of glial cells
Form myelin Glue of nervous system
83
What is a synapse? What happens at synapse?
An area between neurons where they connect and communicate with each other through neurotransmitters
84
What is myelin? What’s its function?
A protein that insulates the axon for faster transmission of impulse Protects and insulates electricity in axon
85
What happens when myelin is damaged?
Impulse transmission through axon will slow down leading to slower communication between neurons
86
What is contained in vesicles at end of axon?
Neurotransmitters
87
Parts of central nervous system
Brain Spinal Cord
88
Divisions of peripheral nervous system
Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system
89
Somatic nervous system
Branch of parasympathetic nervous system Sensory and motor nerves Voluntary skeletal muscles and conscious movement
90
Autonomic nervous system
Regulates involuntary activity (organs and glands)
91
Parasympathetic
Rest and digest
92
Sympathetic
Stress Fight or flight response
93
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemical messengers released from vesicles across synapse to bind with receptors
94
What is neuroplasticity?
Ability of brain to change by forming and rearranging connections

PSY101 (5 decks)

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