Chapters 1 & 2

Question 1

What is a definition?

Answer 1

In a strict view, a definition is a statement of the exact meaning of a word or a concept, or the essential qualities or features of a phenomenon or an object.

Question 2

Why is defining stuttering important?

Answer 2

In research: * Who can participate as a person who stutters? As a control subject? * What should be measured as changes in stuttering under different conditions? In the clinic: * Who exhibits stuttering and should enter therapy? * How to measure progress in stuttering that justifies termination of therapy?

Question 3

What to define? Two meanings of “stuttering”

Answer 3

Overt, momentary, disrupted speech events, such as repetitions. (e.g., “He stuttered a lot this morning”) A complex disorder including speech, physiological, emotional, and cognitive factors, lasting over time. (e.g.,” Her stuttering has affected her social life”) *Key difference between stuttering event and stuttering disorder Disorder- the entire process, prevents one from speaking fluently (no control over it)

Question 4

A Definition: Events or Disorder? Stuttering occurs when the “forward flow of speech is interrupted by a motorically disrupted sound, syllable, or word or the speaker’s reaction thereto.” (See Van Riper, 1971, p.15,The Nature of Stuttering. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall)

Answer 4

He is referring to disorder Charles Van Riper- pioneer of field

Question 5

Dimensions of Normal Speech Fluency

Answer 5

Rate: appropriate speech timing Continuity: smooth connections Tension effort: appropriate force (Starkweather, 1987)

Question 6

What is “disfluency”?

Answer 6

Observable interruptions in on-going speech Refers to all speech interruptions, normal or not Occurs in everyone’s speech, not only in the those who stutter How to differentiate between normal disfluencies and those that indicate a stuttering disorder?

Question 7

Six major multidimensional aspects of a stuttering disorder

Answer 7

1. Overt speech characteristics 2. Physical concomitants (accessory/secondary behaviors) -Eye blinks -Tapping -Hitting -Facial movements 3. Physiological activity 4. Affective features 5. Cognitive processes 6. Social dynamics

Question 8

Part-word repetition

Answer 8

SLD Bu-bu-but

Question 9

Single syllable word repetition

Answer 9

SLD And-and-and

Question 10

Disrhythmic phonation

Answer 10

SLD Mo——mmy *Disrhythmic phonation- combination of blocks and/or prolongations

Question 11

Phrase repetition

Answer 11

Other disfluency I like to - I like to ….

Question 12

Revision

Answer 12

Other disfluency I was, I mean…

Question 13

Interjection

Answer 13

Other disfluency Um, well, er

Question 14

Types of Disorder-Oriented Definitions

Answer 14

Organic- physical, brain, genetic Psychopathogenic Psychosocial- due to social interaction Learning-based- learned from others/as a result of situations Speaker-based perspectives- definition from the perspective of the person

Question 15

What causes stuttering?

Answer 15

Neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic component

Question 16

Robert West (1958) Stuttering is primarily an epileptic disorder manifested in dissynergies of the neuromotor mechanism for speech

Answer 16

Organic

Question 17

Charles Van Riper (1971) Stuttering is a disorder of timing. It is a temporal disruption of simultaneous and successive programming of muscular movement aimed at producing a sounds or a syllable

Answer 17

-Organic

Question 18

Churchill’s Medical Dictionary A speech disorder affecting the fluency of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases, and by prolongation of sounds and blocking of the articulation of words. Severer forms may be associated with facial grimacing, limb and postural gestures, involuntary grunts, or impaired control of airflow. Severity varies with the speaker’s situation and audience.

Answer 18

Psychosocial

Question 19

Peter Glauber (1958) Stuttering is a neurotic disorder in which personality disturbances is partially reflected in speech. It is a psychopathological symptom of conversion disorder.

Answer 19

Psychopathogenic

Question 20

John Fletcher (1928) Stuttering is a morbidity of social consciousness, a hyper-sensitivity of social attitude, a pathological social response.

Answer 20

-Psychosocial

Question 21

Jon Eisenson (1958) Stuttering is a transient (brief) disturbance in communicating propositional language

Answer 21

Psychosocial (social component of intent for propositional language)

Question 22

Wendell Johnson (1955) Stuttering is an anticipatory, apprehensive, hypertonic, avoidance reaction

Answer 22

-Learning-based *Monster theory

Question 23

William Perkins (1990) Stuttering indicates a loss of the control to voluntarily continue a disrupted utterance

Answer 23

Speaker-based-perspectives

Question 24

World Health Organization

Answer 24

A disorder of the rhythm of speech where the person knows what he /she wishes to say, yet is unable to say it due to involuntary repetition, prolongation, or cessation of a sound.

Question 25

The Authors’ essential definition:

Answer 25

Articulatory gestures in a holding pattern (repetition, prolongation, block) in an attempted delivery of syllables or elements of syllables

Question 26

Authors’ (Y & S) Perspective on Developmental Stuttering: Early Period

Answer 26

Stuttering is genetically based, but highly responsive to environmental factors Stuttering events are characterized by frequent and/or intense intermittent disruptions to the integration of syllables or elements of syllables

Question 27

Authors’ (Y & S) Perspective on Stuttering: Later period

Answer 27

When the disorder persists, a range of multidimensional characteristics are acquired: overt body tensions, motor-physiological adaptations, as well as emotional, cognitive and social reactions. To the PWS, these can be more disturbing than the stuttered speech. *Reactions can be more problematic than the actual stuttering moment

Question 28

Prevalence

Answer 28

the number of all cases currently identified (even if they did not begin recently)

Question 29

Lifetime incidence

Answer 29

the number of all cases ever exhibited of a disorder whether currently or in the past (even if they recovered).

Question 30

Familiality and Stuttering Incidence

Answer 30

Majority of studies: 30-60% of PWS have familial stuttering Fewer than 10% of NFS have familial stuttering Family history- one of biggest risk factors (sometimes you have to go way back)

Question 31

Why does stuttering prevalence decline with age?

Answer 31

Natural recovery includes more cases as age increases New stuttering onsets, however, are less frequent as age increases Stuttering usually begins between 2 and 3 years of age After the age of 5 the odds of a child beginning stuttering are small

Question 32

Who stutters: The gender factor

Answer 32

Childhood (near onset): 2.1 males to 1 female Adulthood: 4 males to 1 female

Question 33

Geographical & Cultural Factors

Answer 33

Stuttering has been documented in nearly all geographic areas of the world Cross-culture stuttering findings are questionable due to methodological problems

Question 34

Race Factor

Answer 34

A common belief: higher incidence of stuttering among African Americans Recent research of preschoolers: no significant difference between African Americans and European Americans

Question 35

Stuttering and Hearing Impairment

Answer 35

Research: a low incidence (0.05 -0.12%) among the hearing impaired Informal reports: more manual disfluency than oral disfluency among the deaf

Question 36

Stuttering and Cognitive Impairment

Answer 36

Past research: a high incidence of stuttering among those with cognitive impairments Children with Down syndrome have a higher disfluency level, but show low emotional reactivity to their stuttering

Question 37

Rev

Overt, momentary, disrupted speech events, such as repetitions. (e.g., “He stuttered a lot this morning”) A complex disorder including speech, physiological, emotional, and cognitive factors, lasting over time. (e.g.,” Her stuttering has affected her social life”) *Key difference between stuttering event and stuttering disorder Disorder- the entire process, prevents one from speaking fluently (no control over it)

Answer 37

What to define? Two meanings of “stuttering”