Chapters 1 & 2 Flashcards
What is a definition?
In a strict view, a definition is a statement of the exact meaning of a word or a concept, or the essential qualities or features of a phenomenon or an object.
Why is defining stuttering important?
In research: * Who can participate as a person who stutters? As a control subject? * What should be measured as changes in stuttering under different conditions? In the clinic: * Who exhibits stuttering and should enter therapy? * How to measure progress in stuttering that justifies termination of therapy?
What to define? Two meanings of “stuttering”
Overt, momentary, disrupted speech events, such as repetitions. (e.g., “He stuttered a lot this morning”) A complex disorder including speech, physiological, emotional, and cognitive factors, lasting over time. (e.g.,” Her stuttering has affected her social life”) *Key difference between stuttering event and stuttering disorder Disorder- the entire process, prevents one from speaking fluently (no control over it)
A Definition: Events or Disorder? Stuttering occurs when the “forward flow of speech is interrupted by a motorically disrupted sound, syllable, or word or the speaker’s reaction thereto.” (See Van Riper, 1971, p.15,The Nature of Stuttering. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall)
He is referring to disorder Charles Van Riper- pioneer of field
Dimensions of Normal Speech Fluency
Rate: appropriate speech timing Continuity: smooth connections Tension effort: appropriate force (Starkweather, 1987)
What is “disfluency”?
Observable interruptions in on-going speech Refers to all speech interruptions, normal or not Occurs in everyone’s speech, not only in the those who stutter How to differentiate between normal disfluencies and those that indicate a stuttering disorder?
Six major multidimensional aspects of a stuttering disorder
- Overt speech characteristics 2. Physical concomitants (accessory/secondary behaviors) -Eye blinks -Tapping -Hitting -Facial movements 3. Physiological activity 4. Affective features 5. Cognitive processes 6. Social dynamics
Part-word repetition
SLD Bu-bu-but
Single syllable word repetition
SLD And-and-and
Disrhythmic phonation
SLD Mo——mmy *Disrhythmic phonation- combination of blocks and/or prolongations
Phrase repetition
Other disfluency I like to - I like to ….
Revision
Other disfluency I was, I mean…
Interjection
Other disfluency Um, well, er
Types of Disorder-Oriented Definitions
Organic- physical, brain, genetic Psychopathogenic Psychosocial- due to social interaction Learning-based- learned from others/as a result of situations Speaker-based perspectives- definition from the perspective of the person
What causes stuttering?
Neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic component
Robert West (1958) Stuttering is primarily an epileptic disorder manifested in dissynergies of the neuromotor mechanism for speech
Organic
Charles Van Riper (1971) Stuttering is a disorder of timing. It is a temporal disruption of simultaneous and successive programming of muscular movement aimed at producing a sounds or a syllable
-Organic
Churchill’s Medical Dictionary A speech disorder affecting the fluency of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases, and by prolongation of sounds and blocking of the articulation of words. Severer forms may be associated with facial grimacing, limb and postural gestures, involuntary grunts, or impaired control of airflow. Severity varies with the speaker’s situation and audience.
Psychosocial
Peter Glauber (1958) Stuttering is a neurotic disorder in which personality disturbances is partially reflected in speech. It is a psychopathological symptom of conversion disorder.
Psychopathogenic
John Fletcher (1928) Stuttering is a morbidity of social consciousness, a hyper-sensitivity of social attitude, a pathological social response.
-Psychosocial
Jon Eisenson (1958) Stuttering is a transient (brief) disturbance in communicating propositional language
Psychosocial (social component of intent for propositional language)
Wendell Johnson (1955) Stuttering is an anticipatory, apprehensive, hypertonic, avoidance reaction
-Learning-based *Monster theory
William Perkins (1990) Stuttering indicates a loss of the control to voluntarily continue a disrupted utterance
Speaker-based-perspectives
World Health Organization
A disorder of the rhythm of speech where the person knows what he /she wishes to say, yet is unable to say it due to involuntary repetition, prolongation, or cessation of a sound.
The Authors’ essential definition:
Articulatory gestures in a holding pattern (repetition, prolongation, block) in an attempted delivery of syllables or elements of syllables
Authors’ (Y & S) Perspective on Developmental Stuttering: Early Period
Stuttering is genetically based, but highly responsive to environmental factors Stuttering events are characterized by frequent and/or intense intermittent disruptions to the integration of syllables or elements of syllables
Authors’ (Y & S) Perspective on Stuttering: Later period
When the disorder persists, a range of multidimensional characteristics are acquired: overt body tensions, motor-physiological adaptations, as well as emotional, cognitive and social reactions. To the PWS, these can be more disturbing than the stuttered speech. *Reactions can be more problematic than the actual stuttering moment
Prevalence
the number of all cases currently identified (even if they did not begin recently)
Lifetime incidence
the number of all cases ever exhibited of a disorder whether currently or in the past (even if they recovered).
Familiality and Stuttering Incidence
Majority of studies: 30-60% of PWS have familial stuttering Fewer than 10% of NFS have familial stuttering Family history- one of biggest risk factors (sometimes you have to go way back)
Why does stuttering prevalence decline with age?
Natural recovery includes more cases as age increases New stuttering onsets, however, are less frequent as age increases Stuttering usually begins between 2 and 3 years of age After the age of 5 the odds of a child beginning stuttering are small
Who stutters: The gender factor
Childhood (near onset): 2.1 males to 1 female Adulthood: 4 males to 1 female
Geographical & Cultural Factors
Stuttering has been documented in nearly all geographic areas of the world Cross-culture stuttering findings are questionable due to methodological problems
Race Factor
A common belief: higher incidence of stuttering among African Americans Recent research of preschoolers: no significant difference between African Americans and European Americans
Stuttering and Hearing Impairment
Research: a low incidence (0.05 -0.12%) among the hearing impaired Informal reports: more manual disfluency than oral disfluency among the deaf
Stuttering and Cognitive Impairment
Past research: a high incidence of stuttering among those with cognitive impairments Children with Down syndrome have a higher disfluency level, but show low emotional reactivity to their stuttering
Rev
Overt, momentary, disrupted speech events, such as repetitions. (e.g., “He stuttered a lot this morning”) A complex disorder including speech, physiological, emotional, and cognitive factors, lasting over time. (e.g.,” Her stuttering has affected her social life”) *Key difference between stuttering event and stuttering disorder Disorder- the entire process, prevents one from speaking fluently (no control over it)
What to define? Two meanings of “stuttering”
