Chapters 1/10/16 Review

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus

Question 2

How do the two groups of prokaryotes differ?

Answer 2

Archaebacteria lack the peptidoglycan of eubacteria and also have different membrane lipids; also, the Dna sequences of key achaebacterial genes are more like those of eukaryotes than those of eubacteria

Question 3

What factors are used to identify prokaryotes?

Answer 3

Prokaryotes are identified by characteristics such as shape, the chemical nature of their cell walls, the way they move, and the way they obtain energy

Question 4

What is the importance of bacteria?

Answer 4

Vital to maintiaining the living world; some are producers that capture energy by photosynthesis, others are decomposers - breaking down the nutrients in dead matter and the atmosphere; other bacteria have human uses

Question 5

Bacilli

Answer 5

Rod-shaped prokaryotes

Question 6

Cocci

Answer 6

Spherical prokaryotes

Question 7

Spirilla

Answer 7

Spiral prokaryotes

Question 8

Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 8

Heterotrophic prokaryotes that take in organic molecules for energy and a supply of carbon

Question 9

Photoheterotrophs

Answer 9

Heterotrophic prokaryotes that are photosynthetic - use sunlight for energy - but they also need to take in organic compounds as a carbon source

Question 10

Photoautotrophs

Answer 10

Prokaryotes that use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds and oxygen in a process similar to that used by green plants; found where light is plentiful

Question 11

Chemoautotrophs

Answer 11

Prokaryotes that can perform chemosynthesis; make organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide; do not require light as a source of energy, instead they use energy directly from chemical reactions involving ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, nitrites, sulfur, or iron; live deep in the darkness of the ocean

Question 12

Obligate Aerobes

Answer 12

Organisms that require a constant supply of oxygen in order to live

Question 13

Obligate Anaerobes

Answer 13

Bacteria that do not require oxygen and may be killed by it; must live in the absence of oxygen

Question 14

Facultative Anaerobes

Answer 14

A group of bacteria that can live with or without oxygen

Question 15

Binary Fission

Answer 15

A type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells

Question 16

Conjugation

Answer 16

A form of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information

Question 17

Endospore

Answer 17

A type of spore formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm

Question 18

Nitrogen Fixation

Answer 18

Process of converting nitrogen gas into a form plants can use; allows nitrogen atoms to continually cycle through the biosphere

Question 19

What is the structure of a virus?

Answer 19

A typical virus is composed of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

Question 20

How do viruses cause infection?

Answer 20

In a lytic infection, a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst; in a lysogenic infection, a virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of the hose cell, and the viral genetic information replicates along with the host cell’s DNA

Question 21

Viruses

Answer 21

Particles of nucleic acid, protein, and sometimes lipids; reproduce only by infecting living cells; and they are not alive

Question 22

Bacteriophages

Answer 22

Viruses that infect bacteria

Question 23

Lytic Infection

Answer 23

Process in which a virus enters a cell, makes a copy of itself, and causes the cell to burst

Question 24

Prophage

Answer 24

Viral DNA that is embedded in the host’s DNA

Question 25

Lysogenic Infection

Answer 25

A host cell makes copies of the virus indefinitely

Question 26

Retroviruses

Answer 26

Viruses that contain RNA as their genetic information

Question 27

How do bacteria cause disease?

Answer 27

Bacteria produce disease in one of two general ways; some bacteria damage the cells and tissues of the infected organism directly by breaking down the cells for food, other bacteria release toxins (poisons) that travel throughout the body interfering with the normal activity of the host

Question 28

Pathogens

Answer 28

Disease-causing agents

Question 29

How can bacterial growth be controlled?

Answer 29

There are various methods used to control bacterial growth, including sterilization, disinfectants, and food processing

Question 30

How do viruses cause disease?

Answer 30

Like bacteria, viruses produce disease by disrupting the body’s normal equilibrium

Question 31

Vaccine

Answer 31

Preparation of weakened or killed pathogens

Question 32

Antibiotics

Answer 32

Compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bateria

Question 33

Viroids

Answer 33

Single-stranded RNA molecules that have no surrounding capsids

Question 34

Prions

Answer 34

Infectious particle made up of protein rather than RNA or DNA

Question 35

Archaebactera

Answer 35

Domain Archaea, prokaryotic, unicellular, autotroph, harsh environment

Question 36

Eubacteria

Answer 36

Domain Bacteria, prokaryotic, unicellular, both autotroph and heterotroph, normal environments.

Question 37

Protista

Answer 37

Eukaryotic, most unicellular, both autotroph and heterotroph, ponds/lakes

Question 38

Fungi

Answer 38

Eukaryotic, both unicellular and multicellular, heterotroph, wet areas/dead stuff

Question 39

Plantae

Answer 39

Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotroph, forests, deserts, water

Question 40

Animalia

Answer 40

Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotroph, anywhere food is accessible