Chapter_4_Professional and Social Responsibility of Social Scientists

Question 1

Consequences of Error

Answer 1

• Harm to Research Participants
• Harm to Science
• Harm to the Public

Question 2

Incompetence

Answer 2

a lack of ability to design internally valid research

Question 3

Subject Matter Competence

Answer 3

Without this -> unable to formulate research questions of theoretical or applied value

Question 4

Questionable Research Practices During Data Collection and Analysis

Answer 4

1. Data dredging
2. Data snooping
3. Data trimming
4. Data torturing
5. Methodological Tuning

Question 5

Data Dredging

Answer 5

Collecting data on a large number of variables but focusing only on the statistically significant relations

Question 6

Data Snooping

Answer 6

checking results for statistical significance during data collection

Question 7

Data trimming

Answer 7

discarding data

Question 8

Data torturing

Answer 8

including or excluding potential moderator variables

Question 9

Methodological Tuning

Answer 9

Tweaking the study methodology -> significance is found

Question 10

Questionable Research Practices During Data Interpretation and Reporting

Answer 10

1. Accentuating the positive
2. HARKing

Question 11

Accentuating the Positive

Answer 11

• Being more critical of results that are inconsistent with one’s hypotheses than of results that are consistent with the hypotheses
• Focusing one’s attention on statistically significant findings while ignoring nonsignificant findings

Question 12

HARKing

Answer 12

Hypothesizing After Results are Known

Question 13

Correcting Mistakes and Errors

Answer 13

• publication of the new result effectively corrects the previous error
• print a correction or retraction

Question 14

Data Forgery

Answer 14

Report the results of experiments that were never conducted

Question 15

Dealing With Research Misconduct

Answer 15

1. informal interventions
2. formal interventions

Question 16

Authorship Credit

Answer 16

The person made a significant scientific contribution to the research

Question 17

Duplicated Publication

Answer 17

Publish the same work in different journals

Question 18

Acceptable Practices of Duplicated Publication

Answer 18

1. Convention - Journal
2. Technical article - Nontechnical outlet
3. Journal - Report or edited book

Question 19

Piecemeal Publication

Answer 19

Taking the data from a single study and breaking it into pieces to increase the number of resulting publications

Question 20

Plagiarism

Answer 20

The act of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own

Question 21

2 Forms of Plagiarism

Answer 21

1. Violation of copyright law
2. Text recycling

Question 22

Avoiding Plagiarism

Answer 22

• Keep careful RECORDS of sources of information
• CITE sources correctly
• PARAPHRASING and summarizing
• DIFFERENTIATE between others’ ideas and your own ideas
• PERMISSION for long quotations, table, or figure

Question 23

Misapplied Knowledge

Answer 23

• Exploitation: manipulation
• Wasting Resources
• Overgeneralization
• Failure to Apply the Results of Research

Question 24

Societal Mentor

Answer 24

to be a neutral advice giver, reviewing all the scientific evidence on both sides of an issue and pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence on each side

Question 25

Social Activist

Answer 25

advocates one side of an issue and uses science as a tool for gaining implementation of social policies in line with his or her personal values

Question 26

The Limits of Behavioral Science Knowledge

Answer 26

1. outcomes of a policy decision, people can disagree over the CRITERIA 2. researchers’ personal VALUES can influence their interpretations of research findings

Question 27

The Expert Witness

Answer 27

- COMPETENCE through education, training, and experience - No personal VALUE - All and only RELEVEANT information to questions - Solid EMPIRICAL basis - IMPARTIAL, unbiased manner.

Question 28

Researchers’ Responsibilities

Answer 28

1. Conducting Research - should not conduct for exploitation 2. Reporting the Results of Research - don't report if it'll be misused - minimize misinterpretation 3. Monitoring the Use of Scientific Knowledge - speak out misapplied research