Chapter52-55 Flashcards
what is learning?
change in behavior that results from acquiring knowledge about the world
how is memory described?
he processes by which that knowledge is
encoded, stored, and later retrieved
where is Broca’s area?
posterior portion of the left frontal lobe
what does damage to Broca’s area cause?
specific deficit in language
the ability to store information depends on a form of short-term memory, called what?
working memory
what 2 systems consist working memory?
- verbal information (verbal)
- visuospatial information (mental images)
what is working memory?
form of short-term memory that maintains current, transient, goal-relevant knowledge
“where” is the working memory located?
prefrontal cortex
how do lateral prefrontal cortex neurons respond to a preferred object vs nonpreferred object?
they respond robustly to a preferred object and minimally to a nonpreferred object
who is patient H.M.? what did he suffer from? how was it fixed? what other problem did that cause
patient with untreatable temporal epilepsy from brain damage.
He got brain surgery and got hippocampal formation and the amygdala removed.
He could not form new long-term memory.
what is anterograde amnesia?
when you can’t form new long-term memories
did H.M. still have working memory?
yes
H.M. is a historic case because his deficit provided the first clear link between memory and the ______ ________ lobe
medial temporal
H.M. could learn motor tasks, but could he remember performing the task before?
no
what is priming in memory?
perception of a word or object or access to the meaning of a word or object is improved by prior exposure
can amnesic patient do well in priming memory?
yes
what are called the memories that depend on the medial temporal lobe?
explicit/declarative memory
what is explicit/declarative memory?
memories that can be accessed consciously and be reported or expressed in words
what are the 2 types of explicit/declarative memories?
episodic (experiences)
semantic (facts)
what is implicit/nondeclarative memory?
nonconscious memory evident in performance of a task
what is a difference between explicit and implicit memory?
explicit memory is highly flexible.
Implicit memory is tightly connected to the original conditions under which they were learned.
what kind of memory is priming?
implicit/nondeclarative
explain the study of amnesic patients learning word?
subjects were presented with words and had to recall the words.
amnesic patient could only recall the words when they were given the first 3 letters of the word (priming)
what are the 2 ways how a memory can be deeply encoded
- associate the memory with already established memories
- when there is a motivation to remember by emotional or behavioral relevance
how is the storage capacity of long-term vs working memory?
long-term has an unlimited storage, working memory has a very limited storage
what process of memory involves expression of genes and protein synthesis that give rise to structural changes at synapses?
consolidation
what is re-encoding of a memory?
retrieval of a memory that allows it to be modified again
what brain regions interact to form episodic memory?
Medial TEMPORAL LOBE AND ASSOCIATION cortices
what are the 4 processes to making memories
encoding, storage, consolidation, retrieval
how can retrieval of memories introduce errors in memories?
by linking the memories with information about the context of retrieval
is retrieval of memory dependent on working memory?
yes
fMRI scans show that remembered items, compared with forgotten items, are associated with greater activity in what brain area during encoding?
hippocampus
what kind of memory is the hippocampus involved in?
episodic memory
what cortical area is particularly important for object recognition?
perirhinal cortex (surrounds hippocamus)
what cortical area is particularly important for encoding spatial context?
parahippocampal cortex
compared to fMRI, what techniques provide higher temporal resolution of brain activity?
recording electrical activity using extracellular electrodes
in what context can we record brain activity via extracellular electrodes?
when someone is already undergoing brain surgery for medical reasons
extracellular electrodes recording found that what brain areas were involved in retrieval of memories?
hippocampus and temporal association cortex
during habituation, what happens to the input from excitatory interneurons to motor neurons in the spinal cord in humans?
it weakens
what type of sensory neurons innervate the siphon in aplysia?
mechanoreceptor sensory neurons
during habituation in aplyisa, what happens to the sensory presynaptic AP and the motor neuron EPSP?
no change in AP, decrease in EPSP
during habituation does the sensitivity if the postsynaptic glutamate receptors change?
no; only the nb of presynaptic vesicles decrease
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