Chapter52-55

Question 1

what is learning?

Answer 1

change in behavior that results from acquiring knowledge about the world

Question 2

how is memory described?

Answer 2

he processes by which that knowledge is
encoded, stored, and later retrieved

Question 3

where is Broca’s area?

Answer 3

posterior portion of the left frontal lobe

Question 4

what does damage to Broca’s area cause?

Answer 4

specific deficit in language

Question 5

the ability to store information depends on a form of short-term memory, called what?

Answer 5

working memory

Question 6

what 2 systems consist working memory?

Answer 6

1. verbal information (verbal)
2. visuospatial information (mental images)

Question 7

what is working memory?

Answer 7

form of short-term memory that maintains current, transient, goal-relevant knowledge

Question 8

“where” is the working memory located?

Answer 8

prefrontal cortex

Question 9

how do lateral prefrontal cortex neurons respond to a preferred object vs nonpreferred object?

Answer 9

they respond robustly to a preferred object and minimally to a nonpreferred object

Question 10

who is patient H.M.? what did he suffer from? how was it fixed? what other problem did that cause

Answer 10

patient with untreatable temporal epilepsy from brain damage.
He got brain surgery and got hippocampal formation and the amygdala removed.
He could not form new long-term memory.

Question 11

what is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 11

when you can’t form new long-term memories

Question 12

did H.M. still have working memory?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

H.M. is a historic case because his deficit provided the first clear link between memory and the ______ ________ lobe

Answer 13

medial temporal

Question 14

H.M. could learn motor tasks, but could he remember performing the task before?

Answer 14

no

Question 15

what is priming in memory?

Answer 15

perception of a word or object or access to the meaning of a word or object is improved by prior exposure

Question 16

can amnesic patient do well in priming memory?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

what are called the memories that depend on the medial temporal lobe?

Answer 17

explicit/declarative memory

Question 18

what is explicit/declarative memory?

Answer 18

memories that can be accessed consciously and be reported or expressed in words

Question 19

what are the 2 types of explicit/declarative memories?

Answer 19

episodic (experiences)
semantic (facts)

Question 20

what is implicit/nondeclarative memory?

Answer 20

nonconscious memory evident in performance of a task

Question 21

what is a difference between explicit and implicit memory?

Answer 21

explicit memory is highly flexible.
Implicit memory is tightly connected to the original conditions under which they were learned.

Question 22

what kind of memory is priming?

Answer 22

implicit/nondeclarative

Question 23

explain the study of amnesic patients learning word?

Answer 23

subjects were presented with words and had to recall the words.
amnesic patient could only recall the words when they were given the first 3 letters of the word (priming)

Question 24

what are the 2 ways how a memory can be deeply encoded

Answer 24

1. associate the memory with already established memories
2. when there is a motivation to remember by emotional or behavioral relevance

Question 25

how is the storage capacity of long-term vs working memory?

Answer 25

long-term has an unlimited storage, working memory has a very limited storage

Question 26

what process of memory involves expression of genes and protein synthesis that give rise to structural changes at synapses?

Answer 26

consolidation

Question 27

what is re-encoding of a memory?

Answer 27

retrieval of a memory that allows it to be modified again

Question 28

what brain regions interact to form episodic memory?

Answer 28

Medial TEMPORAL LOBE AND ASSOCIATION cortices

Question 29

what are the 4 processes to making memories

Answer 29

encoding, storage, consolidation, retrieval

Question 30

how can retrieval of memories introduce errors in memories?

Answer 30

by linking the memories with information about the context of retrieval

Question 31

is retrieval of memory dependent on working memory?

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

fMRI scans show that remembered items, compared with forgotten items, are associated with greater activity in what brain area during encoding?

Answer 32

hippocampus

Question 33

what kind of memory is the hippocampus involved in?

Answer 33

episodic memory

Question 34

what cortical area is particularly important for object recognition?

Answer 34

perirhinal cortex (surrounds hippocamus)

Question 35

what cortical area is particularly important for encoding spatial context?

Answer 35

parahippocampal cortex

Question 36

compared to fMRI, what techniques provide higher temporal resolution of brain activity?

Answer 36

recording electrical activity using extracellular electrodes

Question 37

in what context can we record brain activity via extracellular electrodes?

Answer 37

when someone is already undergoing brain surgery for medical reasons

Question 38

extracellular electrodes recording found that what brain areas were involved in retrieval of memories?

Answer 38

hippocampus and temporal association cortex

Question 39

during habituation, what happens to the input from excitatory interneurons to motor neurons in the spinal cord in humans?

Answer 39

it weakens

Question 40

what type of sensory neurons innervate the siphon in aplysia?

Answer 40

mechanoreceptor sensory neurons

Question 41

during habituation in aplyisa, what happens to the sensory presynaptic AP and the motor neuron EPSP?

Answer 41

no change in AP, decrease in EPSP

Question 42

during habituation does the sensitivity if the postsynaptic glutamate receptors change?

Answer 42

no; only the nb of presynaptic vesicles decrease

Question 43

.