Chacron lectures 1-5 Flashcards
what brain areas are for motivation?
amygdala and hypothalamus
what is the basal ganglia involved in?
motor action
what brain area is for 3D coordination?
posterior parietal cortex
what is rostral vs caudal
rostral is towards the nose, caudal is towards the back of the brain
what is the brainstem made of?
midbrain, pons, medulla
name the major division of the central nervous system from dorsal to ventral
cerebral cortex
diencephalon
brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla)
cerebellum (caudal to brainstem)
spinal cord
name the primary brain vesicles from most rostral to caudal.
prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
name the secondary brain vesicles of the forebrain
paired telencephalic vesicles, diencephalon, paired optic vesicles
in what secondary brain vesicle do the thalamus and hypothalamus evolve from?
diencephalon
what secondary brain vesicle do the olfactory bulbs emerge from?
telencephalon (telencephalic vesiles / cerebral hemispheres)
what “holes” are encapsulated in the telencephalon and diencephalon respectively?
lateral ventricles and the third ventricle
name 3 white matter structures found in the developed forebrain
corpus callosum, cortical white matter, internal capsule
what structures are found in the developed mesencephalon?
tectum and the tegmentum that contains the cerebral aqueduct
what is another name for the medulla?
myelecephalon
what is another name for the pons and cerebellum? what primary brain vesicle are they located in?
metencephalon, located in the rhombencephalon
name the structures in the hindbrain
metencephalon (pons and cerebellum), myelencephalon (medulla), encapsulate the fourth ventricle
what are the 3 steps of the neural tube development?
- 3 vesicles
- 5 vesicles
- 3 flexures
what are the 3 flexures of the neural tube? from rostral to caudal
cephalic, pontine, cervical flexure
Name 3 signaling molecules(morphogens).
what do they affect?
Shh (sonic hedgehog), BMP (Bone morphogenic proteins), Wnt (protein family).
They affect transcription factors
where are Wnt signaling vs inhibitors found? what genes do they control?
Wnt inhibitors are more rostral, Wnt signaling are more caudal
They control Otx2 and Gbx2 genes
Where are Otx2 vs Gbx2 genes found?
Otx2 rostrally (forebrain and midbrain), Gbx2 caudally (anterior hindbrain)
what are similarity and differences between a rat vs a human brain?
similarity: same overall structure
differences:
- rats don’t have sulcus or gyrus
- they have bigger olfactory bulbs
- no arc in their cerebral hemispheres
- different brainstem orientation
name the cerebral hemispheres
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
what is called the gyrus surrounding the corpus callosum?
cingulate gyrus