chapter4 - cell structure Flashcards
What is the basis of biological molecules and why?
Carbo and because it has 4 valence electrons.
What is organic chemistry?
the study of compounds that contain CARBON, regardless of origin.
What is Stanley Miller known for?
created an experiment t hat synthesized organic compounds from non-living elements.
What are organic compounds?
compounds that have both carbon and hydrogen.
What are hydrocarbons?
compounds that only contain hydrogen and carbons. e.g. lipids.
What is Metabolism?
the chemical reactions in the body’s cells that change food into energy.
- Anabolic Reactions (uses energy to build complex molecules from simpler organic compounds, cholesterol -> cell membranes)
- Catabolic Reactions (give out energy) (breakdown, digestion)
What are Carbohydrates used for?
What are the polymers and monomers for Carbohydrates?
Used for short-term energy storage.
Polymers: Polysaccharides (sugars), Glycogen, Starch, Fiber Cellulose, Chitin.
Monomers: Glucose, Fructose
Only 1:2:1 ration (CH2O)
What are Lipids used for?
What are the Polymers and Monomers for Lipids?
Used for long-term energy storage.
Polymers: Triglyceride, Phospho-lipids, Steroid Hormones, Cholesterol (makes lipid-bilayer; cell membrane).
Monomers: Fatty acids, Glycerol
Most are hydrophobic.
What are proteins used for?
What are the polymers and monomers for proteins?
Proteins have the most functions of the 4 macromolecule groups.
Polymers: Polypeptides
Monomers: Amino Acids (20 of them)
What are Nucleic Acids used for?
What are the Polymers and Monomers for Nucleic acids?
Polymers: DNA, RNA, ATP
Monomers: Nucleotides (ATCG, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil * replaces T for RNA)
ATP used for immediate energy.
What are Enzymes?
Catalysts to make chemical reactions go faster (catalyze).
Most are proteins.
What is Exogenous and Endogenous?
Exogenous (from outside)
Endogenous (from inside)
What is Amphiatic?
a term for something that is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
What is an Amino acid structure?
COOH
|
R - C - H
|
NH2
R is the identifying group
In Amino acids what is
1 degree
2 degree
3 degree
4 degree
primary: sequence (or order) of amino acids (unique key) (still inactive here)
secondary: H-bonds used to make (alpha)-helix or B-pleated sheet
tertiary: most proteins are active now. 3-D shape of polypeptide. combine secondary stuff.
quaternary: two or more poly peptide units come together to become functional. (hemoglobin = 4 polypeptides)
