chapter2 - chemical foundations of life Flashcards
What are the 7 functional groups?
- Hydroxyl (R-OH)
- Methyl (R-CH3)
- Carbonyl (R-C-O) and another R on C
- Carboxyl (R-COOH)
- Amino (R-NH2)
- Phosphate (R-PO4 3-) can have two H on the Oxygens
- Sulfhydryl (R-SH)
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What are Organic Molecules?
Molecules made up of carbon and hydrogen and can include other elements.
What are Hydrocarbons?
Molecules that consist entirely of carbon and hydrogen; e.g. methane CH4.
They store energy in their covalent bonds which are released when they are burned.
Note: some hydrocarbons can have both aliphatic (long chain) and aromatic (ring) structures
What is the naming convention of Hydrocarbon chains? Prefix and Suffix
What is the alternate name for hydrocarbon chains?
Prefix: meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec
Suffix: -ane (single bond), -ene (double bond), -yne (triple bond); at least the presence of such bonds.
Alternate name = aliphatic hydrocarbons
What are Hydrocarbon rings?
What is the alternate name for Hydrocarbon rings?
Hydrocarbons that form a ring shape. They can have also have double bonds.
alternate name = aromatic hydrocarbons
What are Isomers?
Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures are known as isomers.
What are functional groups?
Groups of atoms that occur within molecules and confer specific chemical properties to those molecules.
They are found along the “carbon backbone” of macromolecules.
What is a carbon backbone?
A chain or ring of carbon atoms with the occasional substitution of nitrogen or oxygen.
The carbon backbone can have functional groups attached to it (otherwise it is usually attached to a hydrogen); this is known as a substituted hydrocarbons.
What is a substituted hydrocarbons?
A carbon backbone that has at least one hydrogen atom that has been substituted for another molecule (functional group molecule).
What is a macromolecule?
What are the 4 macromolecules?
A macro molecule is a large biological molecule. The four groups of macromolecules are differentiated by the presence of functional groups on a carbon backbone and its structure.
Carbohydrates (sugars)
Lipids (fats)
Proteins (various functions)
Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)
What is a compound?
a pure substance that is made up of more than one ELEMENT.
What is a Molecule?
Any substance that consists of at least two ATOMS (O2 is a molecule but not a compound).
What is matter?
Anything that has mass.
What is Quality?
Characteristics (elements, compounds)
What is Quantity?
Amount of things (Atoms, Molecules).
What are the 4 major essential elements of life?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Trace elements are also essential but are not major.
What are trace elements?
Small amounts of these elements are required by organisms to live.
Chromium
Zinc
Iron
What is the Mass number?
Protons + Neutrons
What is the Atomic Mass?
Weighted average of all isotopes of an element.
What is an Isotope?
elements that differ in the # of neutrons.
What are Radioactive Isotopes?
elements that decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy.
What is Radiometric Dating?
used for calculating the age of some things (half-life)
What is potential energy?
What is Kinect energy?
Potential = stored energy or energy of position
Kinect = energy in motion
Total Energy = E(Kinect) + E(Potential)
How are compounds and molecules formed?
Through interactions between valence eletrons.
What is a covalent bond?
A bond involving the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms.
What is equilibrium?
the state in which both the reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time.
This is not to say that reactants are not being converted to products, it’s just that products are also disassociating to reactants and thus their concentrations do not change. (x = 0) is the same as (x = +1 - 1)
What is electro negativity?
the pull / strength of an atom pulling on a pair of electrons.
What is a polar covalent bond?
What is a non-polar covalent bond?
What is an ionic bond?
polar is > 0.4 (so 0.4 to 2.1)
nonpolar is <= 0.4
ionic is > 2.1
What is a Hydrogen bond?
weaker than covalent and ionic bonds. The large electronegativity difference between N, O, F and Hydrogen, causes the polar substances to exhibit hydrogen bonds.
