chapter2 - chemical foundations of life

Question 1

What are the 7 functional groups?

Answer 1

1. Hydroxyl (R-OH)
2. Methyl (R-CH3)
3. Carbonyl (R-C-O) and another R on C
4. Carboxyl (R-COOH)
5. Amino (R-NH2)
6. Phosphate (R-PO4 3-) can have two H on the Oxygens
7. Sulfhydryl (R-SH)

https://ibb.co/wzn0ZDX

Question 2

What are Organic Molecules?

Answer 2

Molecules made up of carbon and hydrogen and can include other elements.

Question 3

What are Hydrocarbons?

Answer 3

Molecules that consist entirely of carbon and hydrogen; e.g. methane CH4.
They store energy in their covalent bonds which are released when they are burned.

Note: some hydrocarbons can have both aliphatic (long chain) and aromatic (ring) structures

Question 4

What is the naming convention of Hydrocarbon chains? Prefix and Suffix
What is the alternate name for hydrocarbon chains?

Answer 4

Prefix: meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec
Suffix: -ane (single bond), -ene (double bond), -yne (triple bond); at least the presence of such bonds.

Alternate name = aliphatic hydrocarbons

Question 5

What are Hydrocarbon rings?
What is the alternate name for Hydrocarbon rings?

Answer 5

Hydrocarbons that form a ring shape. They can have also have double bonds.
alternate name = aromatic hydrocarbons

Question 6

What are Isomers?

Answer 6

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures are known as isomers.

Question 7

What are functional groups?

Answer 7

Groups of atoms that occur within molecules and confer specific chemical properties to those molecules.
They are found along the “carbon backbone” of macromolecules.

Question 8

What is a carbon backbone?

Answer 8

A chain or ring of carbon atoms with the occasional substitution of nitrogen or oxygen.
The carbon backbone can have functional groups attached to it (otherwise it is usually attached to a hydrogen); this is known as a substituted hydrocarbons.

Question 9

What is a substituted hydrocarbons?

Answer 9

A carbon backbone that has at least one hydrogen atom that has been substituted for another molecule (functional group molecule).

Question 10

What is a macromolecule?
What are the 4 macromolecules?

Answer 10

A macro molecule is a large biological molecule. The four groups of macromolecules are differentiated by the presence of functional groups on a carbon backbone and its structure.

Carbohydrates (sugars)
Lipids (fats)
Proteins (various functions)
Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)

Question 11

What is a compound?

Answer 11

a pure substance that is made up of more than one ELEMENT.

Question 12

What is a Molecule?

Answer 12

Any substance that consists of at least two ATOMS (O2 is a molecule but not a compound).

Question 13

What is matter?

Answer 13

Anything that has mass.

Question 14

What is Quality?

Answer 14

Characteristics (elements, compounds)

Question 15

What is Quantity?

Answer 15

Amount of things (Atoms, Molecules).

Question 16

What are the 4 major essential elements of life?

Answer 16

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

Trace elements are also essential but are not major.

Question 17

What are trace elements?

Answer 17

Small amounts of these elements are required by organisms to live.

Chromium
Zinc
Iron

Question 18

What is the Mass number?

Answer 18

Protons + Neutrons

Question 19

What is the Atomic Mass?

Answer 19

Weighted average of all isotopes of an element.

Question 20

What is an Isotope?

Answer 20

elements that differ in the # of neutrons.

Question 21

What are Radioactive Isotopes?

Answer 21

elements that decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy.

Question 22

What is Radiometric Dating?

Answer 22

used for calculating the age of some things (half-life)

Question 23

What is potential energy?
What is Kinect energy?

Answer 23

Potential = stored energy or energy of position
Kinect = energy in motion

Total Energy = E(Kinect) + E(Potential)

Question 24

How are compounds and molecules formed?

Answer 24

Through interactions between valence eletrons.

Question 25

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 25

A bond involving the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms.

Question 26

What is equilibrium?

Answer 26

the state in which both the reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time.

This is not to say that reactants are not being converted to products, it’s just that products are also disassociating to reactants and thus their concentrations do not change. (x = 0) is the same as (x = +1 - 1)

Question 27

What is electro negativity?

Answer 27

the pull / strength of an atom pulling on a pair of electrons.

Question 28

What is a polar covalent bond?
What is a non-polar covalent bond?
What is an ionic bond?

Answer 28

polar is > 0.4 (so 0.4 to 2.1)
nonpolar is <= 0.4
ionic is > 2.1

Question 29

What is a Hydrogen bond?

Answer 29

weaker than covalent and ionic bonds. The large electronegativity difference between N, O, F and Hydrogen, causes the polar substances to exhibit hydrogen bonds.