Chapter4 Flashcards
Culture
A way of life of a society’s members, including belief systems, norms, and material practices;
typically refers to language, religion, clothing, foods, forms of settlement, social practices, and so on
that differentiate one group from another. (p. 130)
- published an introductory geography textbook with title “One World Divided”
- “our greatest human achievement (culture) has been responsible for both erecting barriers and sparking conflict between peoples.
american geographer Preston James
cultural regions
Areas having a degree of homogeneity in cultural characteristics; areas with similar
cultural landscapes. (p. 130)
such regions are identified because of the presence of one or more particular cultural characteristics
formally defined regions (formal cultural regions)
4 basic points in delimiting formal cultural regions
- criteria for inclusion, that is,the defining characteristics
- date or time period (since these regions change over time)
- spatial scale
- boundary lines
who identified a total of 26 civilizations as responses to environment?
the historian A.J.Toynbee
what are the principal criterias of Toynbee?
religion and manner in which civilisations has reponded to the environment(“arrested” and “aborted” civil)
who were the first geographers to attempt to delimit world regions?
Russell and Kniffen(1951)
diffusion of European ideas and technologies with European expansion
New World Revolution
whos theory divides world into 7 cultural regions each a product of a long evolution of human-land relations?
Russell and Kniffen(1951)
what is the biggest problem with looking at the world at a very large scale ( as in Russell and Kniffen`s theory)?
the region is too numerous or too superficial to be helpful
how may regions can North America be divided into on the basis of physical and economic differences?
(this map focuses on broad regional themes rather than on specific criteria and recognizes that the border between the USA and Canada is not only geographic division).
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First effective settlement
A concept based on the likely importance of the initial occupancy of an
area in determining later landscapes. (p. 133)
regionalization of USA explicitly based on the concept of _____?
First effective settlement
Who demarcates 5 regions in USA and what are those?
- Zelinsky
2. west, middle west, south, midland and New England(these are the divisions by source of culture).
A cultural region especially closely associated with a particular cultural group; the term
usually suggests a strong emotional attachment to place. (p. 135)
Homeland
According to whom a homeland has 4 basic ingredients? name the ingredients
- according to Nostrand and Estaville
- people,place,sense of place(emotional attachments of people to places) and control of place(requirement of a sufficient population to allow a group to claim an area as their homeland).
The affective ties that people have with particular places and landscapes; literally, a love
of place. (p. 135)
Topophilia
The feelings of dislike, anxiety, fear, or suffering associated with particular places and
landscapes. (p. 135)
Topophobia
The expression of belonging to and self-identifying with a nation (a cultural group);
goes along with a belief that a nation has the right to determine its own affairs; the belief that a nation and a state should be congruent. (p. 148)
Nationalism
A country in which more than one language is spoken, in either official or popular
use. (p. 148)
Multilingual state
prime example of viable political unit with several official languages
switzerland
most typical examples of multilingual states
belgium and canada
A language spoken by a minority group in a country in which the majority of
the population speaks another language; may or may not be an official language. (p. 150)
Minority language
An existing language that is used as a common means of communication between
different language groups. (p. 150)
Lingua franca
A composite language, consisting of vocabulary from two or more languages, designed to
facilitate communication and commerce between different language groups; typically has a limited
vocabulary. (p. 150)
Pidgin
A pidgin language that assumes the status of a native language (mother tongue) for a group.
(p. 151)
Creole
A name given to a place (or group of people) by a group other than the people to whom
the name refers (or who are not native to the territory within which the place is situated). (p. 153)
exonym
A social system involving a set of beliefs and practices through which people make sense
of the universe and their place within it. (p. 153)
Religion
A religion, usually of narrow geographic scope, that is tied to a particular ethnic or
tribal group and does not actively seek converts; examples include Hinduism, Judaism, Shinto, Taoism, and Confucianism. (p. 156)
Ethnic religion
Universalizing religion
A religion of broad geographic scope that expands and diffuses through
the active conversion of new members (via proselytizing); examples include Christianity, Islam, and
Buddhism. (p. 156)
A set of beliefs that attribute a spirit or soul to natural phenomena and inanimate objects.
(p. 156)
Animism
A religion in which adherents worship more than one god (often many). (p. 156)
Polytheistic religion
A hierarchical social rank, based solely on birth, to which an individual belongs for life and
that limits interaction with members of other casts; an element of Hindu society. (p. 156)
Caste
A religion in which adherents worship a single god. (p. 156)
Monotheistic religion
example of Polytheistic religion and Monotheistic religion
hinduism (poly). judaism (mono)
