Chapter 1 Flashcards
Three important trends transformed the map and relationships between countries (first)
Many former colonies , especially in Africa and Asia, gained their independence.
Three important trends transformed the map and relationships between countries (second)
Regional political and economic associations such as the European Union ( EU) emerged alongside the South American Common Market ( MERCOSUR ) , and the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) among others.
Three important trends transformed the map and relationships between countries (third)
China began rising as a challenger to the century-long economic and political dominance of the United States.China now is the worlds second-largest economy (after the US) and is poised to become the largest by 2020. Chinas military is now the second-largest in the world, and is very involved into politics than ever before.
3 geopolitical changes that are felt everywhere throughout the world since the beginning of 20th century
- decolonization
- globalization
- rise/fall of global superpowers
where does word “geography” derive from?
it is derived from Greek words “geo”- meaning the earth and “graphie” meaning “to write about “ or “describe”
which two branches does geography compromise ?
- physical geography
2. human geography
what is physical geography focused on?
p.geog. focuses on the natural or physical enviroment and processes of natural phenomena.
which branch of geography will focus on the study of severe weather, landforms, earthquakes, soil plant, animal ecology and also patterns of topography(landforms), things that affect climatic conditions(including how humans affect it)?
physical geography
what geographical branch describes the study of the social and human environment?
Human geography
which branch of geography focuses on where people and activities are found and why are they there, patterns and development and expansion of urban and rural settlements,food production,cultures,politics, language , religion, population change, geopolitical changes between countries,cities and urban design, economic activity, population health and interaction of people&natural environment
Human geography
who put this question in geography “What is where, why there and why care?”
Charles Gritzner
- what is common concern? between all subdisciplines of geography? (political, economic, cultural, population,enviromental)
- the view to approach these questions is called?
- how things vary across the earth`s surface.(how population is distributed, economic activities vary, cultural practises vary in different parts of the world?)
- geographical(spatial ) perspective(how things have changed on the earth`s surface)
Sections of geography science that introduce geographic concepts around locations?
Space, Place and Region
sections of geography that introduce ideas around spatial distributions and movement within and between locations?
Communication, Interaction and Movement
The areal extent of something
space
Term “space” is used in 2 forms? what are those?
Absolute(objective) and relative (perceptual)
The term used to describe the amount of space that can be objectively measured?
Absolute(objective)
The term based on person`s perception of the space?
relative space (Perceptual)
- the process by which humans acquire information about physical and social environments
- a way of interpreting one`s lived experience.
perception
an image or spatial representation(map) of the way space is organized, as influenced by an individual`s knowledge or lived experience in that space.
mental(perceptual) map
what are some examples of global scale area and local scale areas? what give few examples of the issues that each examine
Global scale - the entire earth ( ex:migration )
Local scale - country, city, neighborhood. ( ex: changes in local politics, neighborhood change )
The territorial extent or level of analysis, such as local, regional, and global.
geographic scale
A particular position in space; a specific part of the earth`s surface;used in absolute,relative and nominal forms.
location
(** ) refers to a particular position within space and on the earth`s surface that usually does not change with time.
Location
What are examples of absolute and relative location?
absolute location ( longitude and latitude ) relative location (using other places as a reference points)
the common name given to a location; a place name(Lakeland,Florida)
toponym
the physical attributes or characteristics of a location, including its topography, climate, water resources, vegetation and so on.( ex: mountainous features,river valley)
site
the geographic context of a location, relative to other locations, including its economic, political and social characteristics.( ex: access point for the trans-shipment of goods)
situation
2 key components of location
site and situation
site and situation.Which one is absolute which one is relative?
site- absolute
situation - relative
a location that has acquired particular meaning or significance ( ex:home&house, city&community )
place
the feeling evoked by, or deep attachment to, specific locations(places) such as home, that result from the experiences individuals associate with the location.(ex:historic buildings)
sense of place
a location with particular significance to an individual or a group, usually ( but not necessarily) for religious reasons.( ex: Mecca , World Trade Center(non religious example)
sacred place
the nature of locations that lack uniqueness or individual character; used for homogeneous and standardized landscapes.(ex: walmart, McDonalds,fast-food outlets)
placelessness
- subjective
- varies from person to person
- can be positive or negative
- can change over time
- might be felt towards buildings or key locations which individuals have never seen ( Mecca, Jerusalem etc)
sense of place
a part of earth`s surface that displays internal homogeneity and is relatively distinct from surrounding areas according to certain criteria; a contiguous spatial unit.
region
the process of classifying locations or areas of the earths surface into various regions
regionalization
an area (region ) that possesses a certain degree of uniformity with respect to one or more physical or cultural traits(ex:language that most people speak) (ex: country, state, province, Latin America, Europe).
formal(or uniform) region
an area (region) organized around a node or focal point and unified by specific economic , political or social activity.
functional(or nodal) region
- give an example of region defined on a cultural basis
2. give an example of region defined by its physical characteristics
- Latin America
2. Pacific Northwest of North America ( moderate climate,proximity to the sea etc)
what is an example of regionalization in Canada?
its subjective term but Canada is normally subdivided into several distinct regions such as Atlantic Canada, the Prairies, the North and so on.
an area (region) identified on the basis of the perceptions held by people inside or outside the region, or both( ex:American South - most of population are members of evangelical churches).
vernacular(or perceptual) region
the characteristics or overall appearance of a particular area or location compromising a combination of natural and human influences.( ex:Rocky Mountains, the Canadians prairies)
landscape
the characteristics or overall appearance of a particular area or location resulting from human modification of the natural environment.(ex:isolated farmsteads, rectangular fields, single-family homes )
cultural landscape
A measure of the amount of space between two or more locations; can be measured in both absolute terms(physical distance) and relative terms ( time distance, economic distance , or psychological distance).( can be absolute or relative ex: distance in km&in blocks)
distance
3 common forms of distance
time, economic(cost) and psychological
name each of these examples of distance
- The distance between two buildings in metres
- the distance between brandon and winnipeg is 2 hour trip
- if you mail parcel from Brandon to a city in america that is the the same distance as Winnipeg, you pay more. Why?
- you perceive riding a car by yourself and with a friend differently
- physical distance
- time distance
- economic distance
- psychological distance
these are referred to areas of the earth`s surface that compromise cultural and natural landscapes.
space, place, location and region
the spatial arrangement of geographic phenomena(e.g.people) within an area;includes density,concentration and pattern
distribution
a measure of the relationship between the number of geographic phenomena(e.g. people,houses factories,trees,lakes) and a unit of area; typically expressed as a ratio
density
3 main components that make up an understanding of distribution
density, concentration and pattern
the spread of geographic phenomena over a given area
concentration
2 types of concentration
- clustered(agglomerated) - if the phenomena are close together
- dispersed(deglomerated) - when things are spread relatively far
the geometric regular or other(i.e. random,uniform) spatial arrangement of geographic phenomena(e.g. people) in a given area.
pattern
the process of geographic phenomena spreading over space and through time.
diffusion
the process of cultural phenomena(e.g. ideas-(religion),innovations,trends,languages,the trading of goods) spreading over space and through time.(ex:islam comes from middle east)
cultural diffusion
the area where a particular cultural trait originates
hearth
one of two basic forms of diffusion, in which the geographic phenomena are physically moved from one area to another, such as through immigration or trade.(ex:multicultural society in Canada)
relocation diffusion
one of two basic forms of diffusion in which geographic phenomena spread from one area to another through an additive process(without moving of individuals)
expansion diffusion
two forms of diffusion
expansion diffusion and relocation diffusion
forms of expansion diffusion
- contagious diffusion
2. hierarchical diffusion
one of two forms of expansion diffusion(without movement of individuals) in which geographic phenomena spread rapidly and throughout an area(ex: the spread of Christianity in Middle Ages).
contagious diffusion
one of two forms of expansion diffusion (without movement of individuals) in which geographic phenomena spread first to key people or places and then gradually throughout the rest of population or an area.(ex:spread of new technology, fashion or music )
hierarchical diffusion
the nature and extent of the relationship or linkages between locations;the extent of spatial interaction is related to the distances between locations and the physical and intangible connections between them(ex: we interact with things&people who are closer to us)
spatial interaction
“First Law of Geography”
“everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things”(Tobler 1970)
the effects of distance on spatial interaction;generally the intensity of interaction declines with increasing distance
distance decay
a measure of restraining effect of distance on human interaction and movement;generally greater time and cost are incurred with increasing distance (ex:it`s easier to ship goods these days than it was before because of technology)
friction of distance
A variable quality of location, expressing the opportunity for interaction with other locations (*distance plays an important role)
accessibility
the direct and indirect linkages(e.g. transportation routes and communications pathways) between two or more locations (ex: high-speed rail lines,highways,airplane routes)
connectivity
typically a flat (two-dimensional) representation of earth`s surface, or a portion of it, and its geographic features including people places and geographic phenomena.( maps=help to communicate spatial interaction)
map
which two analytical tools human geographers use that other social sciences don`t?
maps and geomatics technologies(use of computers and technology to produce maps and analyze spatial distribution)
the art and science of making maps
cartography
the angular distance of a point on the surface of the earth, measured in degrees, minutes and seconds,north and south of the equator;lines of constant latitude are called parallels.
latitude
the angular distance of a point on the surface of the earth, measured in degrees, minutes and seconds, east and west of the prime meridian which runs through Greenwich, UK, among other places;lines of constant longitude are called meridians.
longitude
a region of the earth that observes a uniform standard time.
time zone
the relationship between the size of a geographic feature on a map and the corresponding actual size of the feature on the earth`s surface
map scale
a process to transform the spherical earths surface( three dimensional) onto a two dimensional map; a process to transfer locations from the earths surface to the flat map.
projection
a map portraying the absolute locations of places and geographic phenomena(e.g. buildings,towns,cities) using a standard frame of reference,such as the global grid(latitude and longitude).
reference map (ex:road map, public transit route map)
an analytical tool to illustrate and emphasize the spatial variation of a particular theme or attribute.( ex:provincial or federal elections)
thematic map
a thematic map where dots or scale-adjusted symbols represent geographic phenomena (e.g.population)
dot map( ex. location of towns, cities, cases of illness )
a thematic map using colour or shading to indicate intensity of geographic phenomena (e.g. population density) in a given area
choropleth map
a thematic map using lines to connect locations of equal value with respect to a geographic phenomenon (e.g.daily temperature)
isopleth map
a thematic map where the size and shape of spatial areas are intentionally distorted and replaced by the relative magnitude of the geographic phenomenon (e.g. a country`s wealth as measured by gross domestic product)
Cartogram
the famous case of mapping the place residence that prevented cholera death in London England was done by?(1854)
Dr. John Snow
which four interrelated technologies does geomatics include?
- remote sensing
- computer-assisted cartography
- global positioning system(GPS)
- Geographic information system (GIS)
a series of techniques used for collecting spatial data through instruments(e,g, sensors and cameras in satellites, airplanes and drones,acquiring enviromental data:changes in vegetation,climate ) that are physically distant from the object of study.
remote sensing
A satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of geographic phenomena ( e.g. address)
global positioning system (GPS)
A system of computer hardware and software that facilities the collection , storage, analysis, and display of spatially referenced data through layered maps.
geographic information system (GIS)
A means of collecting data and insight into geographical issues; involves the collection of information outside of laboratory, library or workplace setting; one of the key traditions of geographic inquiry.
fieldwork
is the tendency for incorrect perception of a stimulus as an object, pattern or meaning known to the observer, such as seeing shapes in clouds, seeing faces in inanimate objects or abstract patterns, or hearing hidden messages in music
Pareidolia
