Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biopsychology > Chapter3: Anatomy Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter3: Anatomy Of The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two kinds of cells in the nervous system, and what are their functions?

A

Neurons and glia

Neurons receive and transmit chemical and electrical signals

Glia provides support for the neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the structure of the human nervous system

A

Nervous system: central and peripheral nervous system
central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system: somatic and autonomic nervous system
autonomic nervous system: Sympathetic and para-sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Briefly describe the human nervous system

A

it is a network of neurons and nerves that connect the different body parts: it is our internal body communication center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the human nervous system?

A

interpreting and processing information
regulating body functions of different organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define the Central nervous system and what it consists of

A

is the center of making complex decisions and it connects the brain to the other body parts and passes information to and from the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define the Central nervous system and what it consists of

A

is the center of making complex decisions and it connects the brain to the other body parts and passes information to and from the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Spinal cord - central nervous system

A

it is an extension from the brain and it connects the nerves to the peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define the peripheral nervous system and what it consists of

A

it transmits information via neurons to the CNS and muscles and glands
Neurons>CNS>muscles and glands
and it consists autonomic and somatic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define the Autonomic nervous system and its divisions

A

the autonomic nervous system is responsible for involuntary body functions like heart rate breathing, intestines, and other organs

and it consists of the sympathetic and para-sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the divisions of the ANS - name them

A

Sympathetic NS is activated during fight and flight situations and it increases heart rate and breathing rate dilates pupils

Parasympathetic nervous system is activated during the rest and digest period it decreases heart rate and breath rate digestion and arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the neurotransmitters used in the ANS

A

Acetylcholine is used by parasympathetic nervous system
Norepinephrine is used by sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define Somatic nervous system - a division of ANS

A

The somatic nervous system Controls muscle movement and receives information from sensory receptors
- Transmits info from receptor cells in sense organs to the CNS which then directs muscles to act.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Major divisions of the vertebrate brain and what they consist

A

Forebrain: thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, basal ganglia.cerebral cortex
Midbrain: tectum,tegmentum,inferior colliculas,superior colliculas, substancia nigra
Hindbrain: medulla, pons, cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Function of medulla

A

it is located above the spinal cord it controls heart rate and other reflexes like coughing, swallowing, sneezing and vomiting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

function of pons

A

is located on each side of the medulla like it is a bridge between the opposite hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The function of the cerebellum

A

it has deep folds and it helps regulate movement, balance, and coordination also important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tectum

A

is the roof of the midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

superior and inferior colliculus

A

process sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

tegmentum

A

contains nuclei for cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

substansia nigra

A

gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathways and facilitate readiness for mavement

The substantia nigra is a brain structure that is part of your basal ganglia. While it’s very small, this structure is essential in how your brain controls your body’s movements.

The substantia nigra is a critical brain region for the production of dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Limbic system

A

contains the hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex
Associated with motivation and emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Thalamus

A

filters information from the sense organs except for the nose and passes it down to the relevant brain parts for further interpretation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hypothalamus

A

It is essential for maintaining the internal body environment: homeostasis as well as releasing hormones from various glands
including the pituitary gland and also associated with emotions as it is part of the limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pituitary gland

A

A hormone-releasing gland that is located at the base of the hypothalamus main function of your pituitary gland is to produce and release several hormones that help carry out important bodily functions, including: Growth. Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Basal ganglia
refers to a group of subcortical nuclei associated with planning, motor movement, memory and emotional expression also important for attention, language and other cognitive functions.
26
Basal forebrain
located in the dorsal surface of the brain and receives information from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia. important for wakefulness, arousal, and attention
27
Ventericals
four fluid filled cavities in the brains central canals containing cerebrospinal fluid
28
CSF and its function
it is a clear fluid found in the brain and spinal cord it provides protection, nourishment, and waste removal for the brain
29
Hippocampus
is a large structure located between the thalamus and cerebral cortex responsible for storing memory and reviving it particularly new events
30
Meninges
the membrane that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord it contains painreceptors> infection of the meninges is called meningitis and the swollen blood vessels around the membranes are the cause of migraine and headaches.
31
Cerebral cortex
the most prominent part of the mammalian brain and it is the outer layer of the two cerebral hemispheres there are two hemispheres in the brain divided by fissure and connected corpus callosum and it's more developed in humans compared to other species. It contains up to 6 distinct layers
32
What are the four lobes of the brain (FPOT)
1.frontal lope 2.parital lope 3.temporal lope 4.occipital lope
33
Motor area - location, function, damage
- Region of the frontal lobe - Controls voluntary movement on the opposite side of the body - Damage to this area results in a loss of control over the movement
34
Somatosensory area - location, function
Front of parietal lobe separated by central sulcus - Processes sensory information - Amount of somatosensory area devoted to a body part denotes its sensitivity
35
Visual area - location, function, location
occipital lobe - receives and processes visual information. Each eye sends information from the right visual field to the left visual cortex and the left visual field to the right visual cortex - Damage to this area causes blindness. ie. damage to this area in the left hemisphere causes blindness in the right visual field of both eyes. damage to this area causes cortical blindness
36
Auditory area - location, function, damage
- Temporal lobe - Analyses speech-based information and auditory information - Damage to this area causes partial hearing loss
37
Prefrontal cortex
responsible for abstract thinking and planning and remembering recent events and damage to this area causes delayed response tasks they would respond to something they saw or heard after a delay
38
prefrontal lobotomy
surgical disconnection of the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain people who under go this are left with the lack ability to express emotions, the ability to plan and memory disorders
39
How do the parts of the brain work together?
Parts of the cerebral cortex do not work independently of each other All areas of the brain communicate with each other, but no single central processor exists that puts it all together
40
The Binding Problem
Refers to how the visual, auditory, and other areas of the brain produce a perception of a single object – For binding to occur: A person perceives two sensations as happening at the same time and in the same place
41
what does the Research methods of the brain attempt to do
The main categories of research methods to study the brain including those that attempt to: – Examine the effects of brain damage – Examine the effects of stimulating a brain area – Record brain activity during behavior – Correlate brain anatomy with behavior
42
What are the effects of brain damage?
it can cause the inability to recognize faces or express emotions and many more damages
43
Removal of a brain area
Ablation
44
Lesion
brain damage to an area often done for research purposes
45
used to damage structures in the interior of the brain
Stereotaxic instrument
46
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Application of an intense magnetic field to a portion of the scalp to temporarily deactivate neurons below the magnet Allows researchers to study behavior with a brain area active, then inactive, then active again
47
Effects of Brain Stimulation
Stimulation of a brain area should increase behavior
48
Optogenetics
Optogenetics: a technique that allows researchers to turn on activity in targeted neurons by a device that shines a laser within the brain
49
Instruments used to record brain activity
EEG: electroencephalograph MEG: magnetoencephalography PET: positron emission tomography fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging
50
Phrenology
correlating brain anatomy to behavior one of the first ways to study the brain but didn't get a lot of results
51
correlating brain anatomy with behavior modern methods
identifies particular behavior and look for abnormal brain structure or function and these abnormal structures can be identified using CAT scan: Computerized axial tomography and MRIMagnetic resonance imaging:
52
Brain Size and Intelligence
Research has not supported that a larger brain is correlated with higher intelligence The amount of grey and white matter may also play a role * IQ is correlated with the amount of grey matter
53
EEG - strengths
- valuable in the diagnosis of conditions such as epilepsy, characterized by random bursts of activity in the brain - Contributed to understanding sleep stages - High temporal resolution - accurately detects brain activity at a resolution of a single millisecond
54
EEG - weaknesses
- Received information is very generalised - Signals aren't useful in pinpointing the exact source of neural activity - Doesn't allow researchers to distinguish between activities originating in different but adjacent locations
55
Investigating the brain - fMRI function
Detects changes in blood oxygenation and flow (haemodynamic response) that occur because of neural activity in the brain.
56
fMRI strengths
Doesn't use radiation - If administered correctly, it is risk free, non-invasive and straightforward - Produces images that have high spatial resolution, providing a clear picture of how brain activity is localised.
57
fMRI weaknesses
- very expensive - Only captures clear image if person stays perfectly still - Poor temporal resolution - 5 second time lag of the image on screen and the initial firing of brain activity. - Only measures blood flow in the brain, can't focus on individual neurons
58
EEG - function
Measure electrical activity in the brain via electrodes fixed to an individuals scalping a skull cap.
59
EEG - product
Scan recording represents brainwave patterns generated from the action of neurons providing an overall account of brain activity
60
Brain lobes and functions diagram
61
Brain lobes and functions diagram
61
Frontal lobe
Contains the prefrontal cortex and the precentral gyrus Precentral gyrus: also known as the primary motor cortex; responsible for the control of fine motor movement prefrontal lobe: Responsible for: – Higher functions such as abstract thinking and planning – Our ability to remember recent events and information (“working memory”)
62
Temporal Lobe
Target for auditory information and essential for processing spoken language Also responsible for complex aspects of vision, including movement and some emotional and motivational behaviors Klüver-Bucy syndrome associated with temporal lobe damage
63
Parietal Lobe
– Primary target for touch sensations and information from muscle-stretch receptors and joint receptors * Also responsible for processing and integrating information about eye, head, and body positions from information sent from muscles and joints Essential for spatial information as well as numerical information
64
Occipital Lobe
Highly responsible for visual input – Damage can result in cortical blindness
64
Occipital Lobe
Highly responsible for visual input – Damage can result in cortical blindness
64
Occipital Lobe
Highly responsible for visual input – Damage can result in cortical blindness
64
Occipital Lobe
Highly responsible for visual input – Damage can result in cortical blindness
65
Occipital Lobe
Highly responsible for visual input – Damage can result in cortical blindness
66
Occipital Lobe
Highly responsible for visual input – Damage can result in cortical blindness

Biopsychology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions