Chapter2

Question 1

Hindsight bias

Answer 1

The tendency to believe when a result occurs you would have predicted the outcome.

Question 2

Theory

Answer 2

An explanation using integrated principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

Question 3

Hypothesis

Answer 3

A testable prediction often implied by theory

Question 4

Operational Definition

Answer 4

A carefully worded statement defining the procedures.

Question 5

Replication

Answer 5

Repeating the essence of a research study usually with different participants or situations to see if the basic idea prevails.

Question 6

Case study

Answer 6

A descriptive technique where a group or individual is studied closely to find a universal principle.

Question 7

Naturalistic observation

Answer 7

Observing something naturally without interfering.

Question 8

Survey

Answer 8

Descriptive technique to obtain self-reported behaviors of s group by questioning a representative random sample from the group.

Question 9

Sampling bias

Answer 9

Bias in the chosen samples from a population resulting in an unrepresentative selection,

Question 10

Population

Answer 10

A group of people being studied from which samples may be drawn.

Question 11

Random sample

Answer 11

A sample from a population by chance so that it is representative of that group.

Question 12

Correlation

Answer 12

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together.

Question 13

Correlation coefficient

Answer 13

The statistical value of relationship between things.

Question 14

Variable

Answer 14

Anything variable that is feasible and ethical to research

Question 15

Scatterplot

Answer 15

Graphed cluster of data. Slope suggests correlation

Question 16

Illusory correlation

Answer 16

When there appears to be a correlation when nine is present, or a much smaller one is present.

Question 17

Regression toward the mean

Answer 17

Tendency for data to return towards the mean after extremes.

Question 18

Expermient

Answer 18

Research method where 1 variable is manipulated to observe the change.

Question 19

Experimental group

Answer 19

The group that is not given the placebo

Question 20

Control group

Answer 20

The group given the placebo as a basis for the experiment.

Question 21

Random assignment

Answer 21

Assigning participants by chance minimizing preexisting differences in the group.

Question 22

Double blind procedure

Answer 22

Where neither the research staff nor the participants know the what role they have (exp or control)

Question 23

Placebo effect

Answer 23

If you believe something will impact you it will, whether or not it is capable of having an impact.

Question 24

Independent variable

Answer 24

The variable changed and controlled in experiments.

Question 25

Dependent variable

Answer 25

The measures outcome

Question 26

Confounding variable

Answer 26

A third variable not being studied that may influence the outcome

Question 27

Validity

Answer 27

The extent to which an experiment achieves its goal.

Question 28

Informed consent

Answer 28

Where the participant is informed of enough information to rationally choose whether to participate.

Question 29

Debriefing

Answer 29

Revealing the purpose, deceptions, explanation of an experiment after the fact to the participants.

Question 30

Descriptive statistics

Answer 30

Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of a group.

Question 31

Histogram

Answer 31

A bar graph showing a frequency distribution

Question 32

Skewed distribution

Answer 32

Scores that lack symmetry around the average.

Question 33

Standard deviation

Answer 33

Measure of how much scores varied around the mean. (sqrt(variance))

Question 34

Normal curve

Answer 34

A bell shaped curve, describes the distribution of data.

Question 35

Statistical significance

Answer 35

Statistical attempt of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.