Chapter1: Past, Present, and Future

Question 1

19th century:
Galvani

Charles bell

Gall

Flourena

Broca

Answer 1

19th century:
Galvani
-discovered electrodes made frogs twitch

Charles bell
-nerves as wires, discovered sensory no motor nerves

Gall
-phrenology: grooves on head as personality

Flourens
-anti gall, showed structures of brain, did not see structure/function

Broca
-localization of function to structure, brocas speech area

Question 2

Levels of neuroscience

Molecular

Cellular

Systems

Behavioral

Cognitive

Answer 2

Molecular neuroscience
How do the minute molecules messengers and transmitters affect the brains

Cellular neuroscience
How do molecules work together to affect cells, what do the cells do?

Systems neuroscience
These cells work together to control the ‘visual system’ and ‘motor system’, what do these consist of and how do they work?

Behavioral neuroscience
How do these systems come together to affect behavior?

Cognitive neuroscience
How does all this come together to create higher order cognition? How does the brain create the mind?

Question 3

Scientific process (ORIV)

Answer 3

The scientific process
Observation
Observations are made to test a hypothesis. An experiment is performed and results are observed

Replication
In order to rule out that it was caused by chance

Interpretation
A scientist tells what the meaning of the observations are

Verification
Can it be reproduced, can it be accepted as fact, are the third variables affecting it etc

Question 4

Hierarchy of thought:

Answer 4

Theories

Models

Hypothesis

Predictions

Experiments

Question 5

Models

Unifying model

Working model

Answer 5

Models

Unifying model

• Large scale model showing how a piece of a theory works
• Natural selection to evolution

Working model
-Example small scale of working model

Question 6

Theory

Hypothesis

Prediction

Answer 6

Theory
-Broad overarching idea or concept. Not proven.

Hypothesis

• testable level of idea
• A B C Form

Prediction
-something gleaned from a hypothesis to do an experiment on

Question 7

Four types of experiment

Answer 7

Determine
-determine a relationship exists

Block
-if we block b, a cannot cause c

Mimic
-cause b and expect c to happen

Measure
-watch the results and take down.

Question 8

History:

Egypt

Greece

Rome:

Renaissance

Answer 8

History:
Egypt
- brain was completely unimportant, discarded

Greece

• Hippocrates: brain is seat of intelligence
• Aristotle: heart is seat of intelligence

Rome:

• Galen: ventricular system
• Information is passed through fluid in ventricles

Renaissance

• Descartes: mind body problem
• Pineal gland