Chapter 2: Neurons and Glia

Question 1

The neuron doctrine

Two people

Two doctrines

Explain

Answer 1

The neuron doctrine

Golgi v Ramon y Cajal

Golgi, inventor of the Golgi stain believe in a neural net or reticulum, all cells are connected as one

RyC argued for neuron doctrine, neurons ended at synapses that innervates each other

Question 2

Stains

Nissl

Golgi

Answer 2

Nissl stain
-only stained nissl bodies, nucleus and rough ER

Golgi
-soaked in silver chromate, only highlights small portion. Allowed to see full cell structure.

Question 3

Two basic Parts of neuron

Answer 3

Cell body

Neurite: axon, dendrites

Question 4

Organelles in soma

Answer 4

Nucleus
-holds dna

Rough ER
-has ribosomes that make proteins leave cell

Smooth ER
-folds proteins

Free ribosomes
-make proteins leave cell

Mitochondria
-makes atp

Question 5

Neuronal membrane

Answer 5

Phospholipid bilayer seperates cell from outside

Studded with protein channels

Hydrophobic on each side

Question 6

Cytoskeleton and three parts

Answer 6

Cell structure

Microtubules

• largest, laterally running structures, hold overall structures and assist with transport
• made of tubulin

Neurofilaments
-medium size rope like filaments w strong tensile strength

Microfilaments

• thinnest, allow for movement
• Made of actin

Question 7

________- branches coming off axon

Answer 7

Axon collaterals

Question 8

Axon, how different

Answer 8

Long nerve fiber transmits action potential

Different:

1. No rough ER extend
2. Different membrane protein structure

Question 9

Terminal and different

Answer 9

End of axon, transmits signal to other axon

Contains synapse

Different:

1. High number of membrane proteins
2. No microtubules
3. High mitochondria
4. Many small vesicles w neurotransmitters

Question 10

Presynaptic

Post synaptic

Synaptic cleft

Answer 10

Before synapse

After synapse

In between synapse
-send neurotransmitter

Question 11

Neuron

Glia

Answer 11

Neuron
-cell that communicates information across body using an action potential. Motor, sensory, associationInterneuron, afferent, efferent, projection, local, etc

Glia

• largely support cells for neurons. Astrocytes, oligodendron, Schwann cells, micro glia, etc
• outnumber neurons

Question 12

Wallerian degeneration

Answer 12

Pattern of degeneration found when axons are cut

Question 13

Dendrites

Answer 13

Spines at beginning of soma, eco eve transmission from another nerve fiber

Question 14

Dendritic spines

Answer 14

Nubs on end of dendrite

Can come apart to misuse, cause cognitive disability

Question 15

Classifying neurons:

Number of neurites

Dendrite spines

Length

Function

Answer 15

Number:
-unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

Dendrite
-spiny, Aspinous

Length

• local projection
• Golgi type 2, Golgi type 1

Function
-sensory neuron, motor neuron, inter neuron

Question 16

Types of glia

Astrocytes

Myelenating

Answer 16

Astrocytes are largely in the brain

• create blood brain barrier
• remove K+ from blood

Myelinating

• oligodendrites in brain
• Schwann cells in body
• speed up reaction

Question 17

Non neuronal glia

Ependymal

Microglia

Answer 17

Ependymal cells
line fluid filled ventricles within the brain and play a role in directing cell migration during brain development

Microglia
Remove debris left by dead or degenerating neurons and Glia

Question 18

Immunocytochemistry

In situ hybridation

Answer 18

Immunocytochemistry

• injects tracer neurotransmitter
• Picks up antibodies it attracts
• Tracks location of antibodies

In situ hybridation

• finds rna transcript of neurotransmitter
• reverses it
• tracks where it attaches