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PSYCH 100 > Chapter VI > Flashcards

Chapter VI Flashcards

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1
Q

An active system that RECEIVES, ORGANIZES, STORES, and RETRIEVES information.

A

Memory

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2
Q

Three processes of MEMORY

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

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3
Q

Encoding is also known as _________.

A

Fixation

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4
Q

ENCODING is the process by which information (new knowledge) is __________ _________ in a form usable to memory.

A

initially recorded

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5
Q

The encoding process will be more effective under two conditions:

A
  1. emotional significance
  2. associations to things already known
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6
Q

This is the tendency to remember the FIRST and LAST items in a list better than those in the middle.

A

Serial Position Effect

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7
Q

The _________ _________ is the enhanced memory performance for items in the BEGINNING of the sequence.

A

Primacy Effect

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8
Q

The _______ ______ is the enhanced memory performance for those items at the end of the sequence.

A

Recency Effect

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9
Q

__________ is known as the “STORING PROCESS”. It depends on the encoding process; well-encoded material is better retained.

A

Retention

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10
Q

Decrease in retention is ___________.

A

forgetting

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11
Q

___________ is the key process in FORGETTING.

A

Interference

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12
Q

____________ is the phenomenon by which recall is hindered because of other information already in memory, which displaces or blocks the information out.

A

Interference

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13
Q

Two Types of Interference:

A
  1. Retroactive Interference
  2. Proactive Interference
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14
Q

New learning interferes with the recall of information learned earlier.

A

Retroactive Interference

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15
Q

Information learned earlier interferes with the recall of material learned later.

A

Proactive Interference

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16
Q

_____________ - meaningful units of information that may vary depending on the circumstances

A

Chunks

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17
Q

_____________ - is a learning technique that involves breaking down large pieces of content into smaller chunks that are easier to process and remember.

A

Chunking

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18
Q

The process by which material in memory storage is LOCATED, BROUGHT INTO AWARENESS, AND USED.

A

Retrieval (Remembering)

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19
Q

Retrieval can take place in different ways:

A
  1. Recall
  2. Recognition
  3. Redintegration
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20
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon and ‘retrieval cue’ fall under what type of retrieval?

A

Recall

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21
Q

This is a stimulus such as a word, smell, sound that guides a person through the information stored in memory.

A

Retrieval Cue

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22
Q

_________ : the process of acknowledging prior exposure to a given stimulus.

A

Recognition

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23
Q

“Flashbulb Memories”

A

Redintegration

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24
Q

This type of memory is information lost within a second or so.

A

Sensory Memory

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25
Q

How does one take in SENSORY memory?

A

By encoding.

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26
Q

This type of memory is unrehearsed information lost in about 15 to 30 seconds.

A

Short Tern Memory

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27
Q

How does one take in SHORT-TERM memory?

A

Via selective attention.

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28
Q

This type of memory is information retained indefinitely although some may be difficult to retrieve.

A

Long-Term Memory

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29
Q

The process of taking in LONG-TERM memory involves?

A

consolidation, maintenance rehearsal, and retrieval

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30
Q

___________ ___________ memory is where information is held while it is CONSCIOUS and BEING USED.

A

Short-Term Memory

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31
Q

It holds about THREE to FIVE items of information and lasts about 30 SCONDS without rehearsal.

A

Short-Term Memory

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32
Q

_________ __________ involves manipulation of the information within STM.

A

Working Memory

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33
Q

STM can be lost through..?

A
  1. Failure to rehearse
  2. Decay
  3. interference by similar information
  4. Intrusion of new information (pushes older information out)
34
Q

True or False:

LONG-TERM memory is stored and is UNLIMITED in capacity and RELATIVELY PERMANENT in duration.

A

True

35
Q

This type of long-term memory are memories for skills, habits, and conditioned responses.

A

Non-declarative or Implicit Memories

36
Q

This type of long-term memory are memories for general facts and personal experiences and include both semantic memories and episodic memories.

A

Declarative or Explicit Memories

37
Q

____________ memories are difficult to bring into consciousness, awareness…

A

Implicit (Non-declarative) Memories

38
Q

___________ memories are those that a person is aware of processing.

A

Explicit (Declarative) Memories

39
Q

LTM is organized in the form of _________ ___________, or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge.

A

semantic network

40
Q

Declarative (Implicit) Memory: CONSCIOUS

Non-declarative (Explicit) Memory: UNCONSCIOUS

A

TRUE

41
Q

Two types of Declarative (Explicit) Memory

A

Episodic Memory
Semantic Memory

42
Q

This type of Declarative Memory are events experienced by a person…

A

Episodic Memory

43
Q

This type of Declarative Memory are facts, general knowledge.

A

Semantic Memory

44
Q

People with superhuman memories are called…

A

Savants

45
Q

_________ is the general term for loss of memory when it is unaccompanied by other mental difficulties. (caused by BRAIN INJURY, TRAUMA, or FEVER)

A

Amnesia

46
Q

Three types of amnesia …

A

Retrograde Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
Psychogenic Amnesia

47
Q

Memory loss of occurrences prior to some event.

A

Retrograde Amnesia

48
Q

Memory loss of events following an injury.

A

Anterograde Amnesia

49
Q

A loss of memory due to a psychological repression mechanism: we tend to forget the things we want to forget.

A

Psychogenic Amnesia

50
Q

____________ ___________, an illness associated with aging that includes physical deterioration, loss of language abilities and sever amnesia.

A

Alzeihmer’s Disease

51
Q

5 Strategies for Improving Memory

A
  1. SQ3R Technique
  2. Verbal Recognition
  3. Method of Loci
  4. Peg Method
  5. Key words technique
52
Q

__________ ___________: ingeniously invented tricks to recall some element.

A

Mnemonic Devices

53
Q

____________: any relatively permanent change in. behavior brought about by experience or practice.

A

Learning

54
Q

Leaning is…?

A

any kind of change in the way an organism behaves…

55
Q

Who discovered CLASSICAL CONDITIONING through his work on digestion on dogs?

A

Ivan Pavlov, Russian Physiologist

56
Q

________ __________: learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produce the reflex.

A

Classical Conditioning

57
Q

__________ ___________ : a naturally occuring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response.

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

58
Q

Unconditioned means..?

A

unlearned or ‘naturally occurring’

59
Q

_________ __________: an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus.

A

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

60
Q

__________ _________: stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being praised with the original unconditioned response.

A

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

61
Q

________ __________ can become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

A

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

62
Q

__________ _________: learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

A

Conditioned Response (CR)

63
Q

This happens when there is repeated pairing of NS and the UCS; the organism is in the process of acquiring learning.

A

Acquisition

64
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS) is usually some stimulus that is ___________ or ________ ______ from other competing stimuli.

A

distinctive, stands out

65
Q

__________ ___________ : tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only SIMILAR to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

A

Stimulus generalization

66
Q

________ _________: tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

A

Stimulus discrimination

67
Q

Disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the UCS (classical conditioning) or the reinforcer (operant conditioning).

A

Extinction

68
Q

Reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occured.

A

Spontaneous Recovery

69
Q

Conditional emotional response (CER) may lead to phobias which are…

A

irrational fear responses

70
Q

stimulus : Classical Conditioning
__________ : Operant Conditioning

A

Reinforcement

71
Q

_______ ________: classical conditioning of a reflex or response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

A

Vicarious Conditioning

72
Q

_________ ______ _________ : development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction.

A

Conditioned Taste Aversion

73
Q

__________ ________: the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning.

A

Biological preparedness

74
Q

Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together.

A

Stimulus Substitution

75
Q

Modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

A

Cognitive Perspective

76
Q

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of PLEASANT and UNPLEASANT CONSEQUENCES to responses.

A

Operant Conditioning

77
Q

If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated.
If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.

A

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

78
Q

The proponent of Operant Conditioning

A

B.F. Skinner

79
Q

Any behavior that is voluntary.

A

Operant

80
Q

In Operant Conditioning, learning depends on…

A

what happens after the response: the CONSEQUENCE

PSYCH 100 (3 decks)

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