Chapter VI

Question 1

An active system that RECEIVES, ORGANIZES, STORES, and RETRIEVES information.

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

Three processes of MEMORY

Answer 2

encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 3

Encoding is also known as _________.

Answer 3

Fixation

Question 4

ENCODING is the process by which information (new knowledge) is __________ _________ in a form usable to memory.

Answer 4

initially recorded

Question 5

The encoding process will be more effective under two conditions:

Answer 5

1. emotional significance
2. associations to things already known

Question 6

This is the tendency to remember the FIRST and LAST items in a list better than those in the middle.

Answer 6

Serial Position Effect

Question 7

The _________ _________ is the enhanced memory performance for items in the BEGINNING of the sequence.

Answer 7

Primacy Effect

Question 8

The _______ ______ is the enhanced memory performance for those items at the end of the sequence.

Answer 8

Recency Effect

Question 9

__________ is known as the “STORING PROCESS”. It depends on the encoding process; well-encoded material is better retained.

Answer 9

Retention

Question 10

Decrease in retention is ___________.

Answer 10

forgetting

Question 11

___________ is the key process in FORGETTING.

Answer 11

Interference

Question 12

____________ is the phenomenon by which recall is hindered because of other information already in memory, which displaces or blocks the information out.

Answer 12

Interference

Question 13

Two Types of Interference:

Answer 13

1. Retroactive Interference
2. Proactive Interference

Question 14

New learning interferes with the recall of information learned earlier.

Answer 14

Retroactive Interference

Question 15

Information learned earlier interferes with the recall of material learned later.

Answer 15

Proactive Interference

Question 16

_____________ - meaningful units of information that may vary depending on the circumstances

Answer 16

Chunks

Question 17

_____________ - is a learning technique that involves breaking down large pieces of content into smaller chunks that are easier to process and remember.

Answer 17

Chunking

Question 18

The process by which material in memory storage is LOCATED, BROUGHT INTO AWARENESS, AND USED.

Answer 18

Retrieval (Remembering)

Question 19

Retrieval can take place in different ways:

Answer 19

1. Recall
2. Recognition
3. Redintegration

Question 20

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon and ‘retrieval cue’ fall under what type of retrieval?

Answer 20

Recall

Question 21

This is a stimulus such as a word, smell, sound that guides a person through the information stored in memory.

Answer 21

Retrieval Cue

Question 22

_________ : the process of acknowledging prior exposure to a given stimulus.

Answer 22

Recognition

Question 23

“Flashbulb Memories”

Answer 23

Redintegration

Question 24

This type of memory is information lost within a second or so.

Answer 24

Sensory Memory

Question 25

How does one take in SENSORY memory?

Answer 25

By encoding.

Question 26

This type of memory is unrehearsed information lost in about 15 to 30 seconds.

Answer 26

Short Tern Memory

Question 27

How does one take in SHORT-TERM memory?

Answer 27

Via selective attention.

Question 28

This type of memory is information retained indefinitely although some may be difficult to retrieve.

Answer 28

Long-Term Memory

Question 29

The process of taking in LONG-TERM memory involves?

Answer 29

consolidation, maintenance rehearsal, and retrieval

Question 30

___________ ___________ memory is where information is held while it is CONSCIOUS and BEING USED.

Answer 30

Short-Term Memory

Question 31

It holds about THREE to FIVE items of information and lasts about 30 SCONDS without rehearsal.

Answer 31

Short-Term Memory

Question 32

_________ __________ involves manipulation of the information within STM.

Answer 32

Working Memory

Question 33

STM can be lost through..?

Answer 33

1. Failure to rehearse 2. Decay 3. interference by similar information 4. Intrusion of new information (pushes older information out)

Question 34

True or False: LONG-TERM memory is stored and is UNLIMITED in capacity and RELATIVELY PERMANENT in duration.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

This type of long-term memory are memories for skills, habits, and conditioned responses.

Answer 35

Non-declarative or Implicit Memories

Question 36

This type of long-term memory are memories for general facts and personal experiences and include both semantic memories and episodic memories.

Answer 36

Declarative or Explicit Memories

Question 37

____________ memories are difficult to bring into consciousness, awareness…

Answer 37

Implicit (Non-declarative) Memories

Question 38

___________ memories are those that a person is aware of processing.

Answer 38

Explicit (Declarative) Memories

Question 39

LTM is organized in the form of _________ ___________, or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge.

Answer 39

semantic network

Question 40

Declarative (Implicit) Memory: CONSCIOUS Non-declarative (Explicit) Memory: UNCONSCIOUS

Answer 40

TRUE

Question 41

Two types of Declarative (Explicit) Memory

Answer 41

Episodic Memory Semantic Memory

Question 42

This type of Declarative Memory are events experienced by a person…

Answer 42

Episodic Memory

Question 43

This type of Declarative Memory are facts, general knowledge.

Answer 43

Semantic Memory

Question 44

People with superhuman memories are called…

Answer 44

Savants

Question 45

_________ is the general term for loss of memory when it is unaccompanied by other mental difficulties. (caused by BRAIN INJURY, TRAUMA, or FEVER)

Answer 45

Amnesia

Question 46

Three types of amnesia …

Answer 46

Retrograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia Psychogenic Amnesia

Question 47

Memory loss of occurrences prior to some event.

Answer 47

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 48

Memory loss of events following an injury.

Answer 48

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 49

A loss of memory due to a psychological repression mechanism: we tend to forget the things we want to forget.

Answer 49

Psychogenic Amnesia

Question 50

____________ ___________, an illness associated with aging that includes physical deterioration, loss of language abilities and sever amnesia.

Answer 50

Alzeihmer’s Disease

Question 51

5 Strategies for Improving Memory

Answer 51

1. SQ3R Technique 2. Verbal Recognition 3. Method of Loci 4. Peg Method 5. Key words technique

Question 52

__________ ___________: ingeniously invented tricks to recall some element.

Answer 52

Mnemonic Devices

Question 53

____________: any relatively permanent change in. behavior brought about by experience or practice.

Answer 53

Learning

Question 54

Leaning is…?

Answer 54

any kind of change in the way an organism behaves…

Question 55

Who discovered CLASSICAL CONDITIONING through his work on digestion on dogs?

Answer 55

Ivan Pavlov, Russian Physiologist

Question 56

________ __________: learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produce the reflex.

Answer 56

Classical Conditioning

Question 57

__________ ___________ : a naturally occuring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response.

Answer 57

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Question 58

Unconditioned means..?

Answer 58

unlearned or ‘naturally occurring’

Question 59

_________ __________: an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 59

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Question 60

__________ _________: stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being praised with the original unconditioned response.

Answer 60

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Question 61

________ __________ can become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 61

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Question 62

__________ _________: learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

Answer 62

Conditioned Response (CR)

Question 63

This happens when there is repeated pairing of NS and the UCS; the organism is in the process of acquiring learning.

Answer 63

Acquisition

Question 64

Conditioned stimulus (CS) is usually some stimulus that is ___________ or ________ ______ from other competing stimuli.

Answer 64

distinctive, stands out

Question 65

__________ ___________ : tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only SIMILAR to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

Answer 65

Stimulus generalization

Question 66

________ _________: tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 66

Stimulus discrimination

Question 67

Disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the UCS (classical conditioning) or the reinforcer (operant conditioning).

Answer 67

Extinction

Question 68

Reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occured.

Answer 68

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 69

Conditional emotional response (CER) may lead to phobias which are…

Answer 69

irrational fear responses

Question 70

stimulus : Classical Conditioning __________ : Operant Conditioning

Answer 70

Reinforcement

Question 71

_______ ________: classical conditioning of a reflex or response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

Answer 71

Vicarious Conditioning

Question 72

_________ ______ _________ : development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction.

Answer 72

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Question 73

__________ ________: the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning.

Answer 73

Biological preparedness

Question 74

Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together.

Answer 74

Stimulus Substitution

Question 75

Modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 75

Cognitive Perspective

Question 76

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of PLEASANT and UNPLEASANT CONSEQUENCES to responses.

Answer 76

Operant Conditioning

Question 77

If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.

Answer 77

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Question 78

The proponent of Operant Conditioning

Answer 78

B.F. Skinner

Question 79

Any behavior that is voluntary.

Answer 79

Operant

Question 80

In Operant Conditioning, learning depends on…

Answer 80

what happens after the response: the CONSEQUENCE