Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 100 > Chapter I > Flashcards

Chapter I Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Psychology evolved out of _______ and _______.

A

Philosophy, Biology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Psychology is the scientific study of _______ and __________ ____________.

A

behavior, mental processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Overt means outward actions, reactions;
Covert means internal, mental processes

A

TRUE.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Psychology practices PRECISE and CAREFUL measurement to prevent ________ _________ from leading to ________ observations.

A

possible biases,
faulty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are Psychology’s 4 goals?

A

Description
Explanation
Prediction
Control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

[Psychology’s 4 Goals]
“What is happening?’

A

Description

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

[Psychology’s 4 Goals]
“Why is it happening?”
+ theories (general explanation of a set of observations or facts)

A

Explanation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

[Psychology’s 4 Goals]
“Will it happen again?”

A

Prediction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

[Psychology’s 4 Goals]
“How can it be changed?”

A

Control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

____________ is focused on the STRUCTURE or BASIC ELEMENTS of the mind.

A

Structuralism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who is the father of Psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

He developed the technique of OBJECTIVE INTROSPECTION (the process of objectively examining and measuring one’s thoughts and cognition).

A

Wilhelm Wundt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The first psychology lab was built when and where?

A

1879, Germany

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who are the contributors of STRUCTURALISM?

A

Wilhelm Wundt
Edward Titchener
Margaret Washburn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who is Margaret Washburn?

A

Titchener’s student, first woman to earn a Ph.D. in Psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

__________ : how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play

A

Functionalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

________ ________ proposed functionalism.

A

William James

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who was denied a Ph.D. because she was a woman?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

“Good figure” Psychology

A

Gestalt Psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

__________ started Gestalt Psychology. He studied SENSATION and PERCEPTION.

A

Wertheimer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Gestalt ideas are now part of the study of _______ psychology.

A

cognitive (Cognitive Psychology - not only perception but also on learning, memory, cognition, and problem solving)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

[Situation] The eye tends to “fill in” the blanks hereand sees both figures as circles rather than a series of dots or a broken line.

A

Gestalt Perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

___________ : theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud

A

Psychoanalysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Freud’s patients suffered from nervous disorders with no apparent physical cause hence he proposed the existence of an ___________ mind into which we repress our urges and desires.

A

unconscious (unaware)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Sigmund Freud stressed the importance of _______ _________ experiences.

A

early childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

___________ is the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only.
—must be directly seen and measured

A

Behaviorism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Who are the contributors of Behaviorism?

A

Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson
Mary Cover Jones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

According to Ivan Pavlov, _________ can occur with new and unrelated stimulus.

A

reflex
(He conditioned dogs to salivate to metronome.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Behaviorism was proposed by ___________ based on the work of Ivan Pavlov (reflex could be learned).

A

John B. Watson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Watson believed that ________ were learned. (Case of “Little Albert” : baby taught to fear a white rat)

A

phobias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

TRUE or FALSE

In Psychology, “conditioning” also means “learning/teaching”

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

____________ is an early pioneer in behavior therapy who proposed COUNTERCONDITIONING.

A

Mary Cover Jones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Modern Perspectives (7)

A

Psychodynamic Perspective
Behavioral Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
Cognitive Perspective
Sociocultural Perspective
Biopsychological Perspective
Evolutionary Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

[Modern Perspectives]

The modern version of psychoanalysis.
More focused on the development of a SENSE OF SELF and the discovery of MOTIVATIONS behind a person’s behavior other than sexual motivations.

A

Psychodynamic Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

[Modern Perspectives]
One contributor is B.F. Skinner who studied OPERANT conditioning of VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR.

A

Behavioral Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Skinner introduced the concept of _________ to behaviorism.

A

reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

[Modern Perspectives]
“People have free will: the freedom to choose their own destiny.”

A

Humanistic Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

[Modern Perspective]
—emphasizes the human potential, the ability of each person to become the best person he or she could be

A

Humanistic Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is ‘self-actualization’?

A

Achieving one’s full potential or ‘actual self’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

[Modern Perspectives]
Who are the early founders of Humanistic Perspective?

A

Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

[Modern Perspectives]
—focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning.

A

Cognitive Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

[Modern Perspectives]
—focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture

A

Sociocultural Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

[Modern Perspectives]
—attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body such as GENETIC INFLUENCES, HORMONES, and the ACTIVITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A

Biopsychological Perspective

44
Q

[Modern Perspectives]
—focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all human share
—looks at the way the mind works and why it works as it does
—behavior seen as having an adaptive or survival value

A

Evolutionary Perspective

45
Q

Types of Psychological Professionals

A

Psychologist
Psychiatrist
Psychiatric Social Worker

46
Q

The ________ _________ is the system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced.

A

Scientific Method

47
Q

Name the 5 steps in the scientific method (x Psychology)

A
  1. Perceive the question.
  2. Form a hypothesis.
  3. Test the hypothesis.
  4. Draw conclusions.
  5. Report your results.
48
Q

Why is important that others REPLICATE or REPEAT the study or experiment to see whether the same results are obtained?

A

To demonstrate the RELIABILITY of results.

49
Q

Name the Descriptive Methods. (4)

A

Naturalistic Observation
Laboratory Observation
Case Study
Surveys

50
Q

[Descriptive Methods]
—watching humans or animals behave in their normal environment

A

Naturalistic Observation

51
Q

[Descriptive Methods]
State the advantages and disadvantages of Naturalistic Observation.

A

Advantage: realistic picture of behavior
Disadvantage: Observer Effect, (tendency of people/animals to behave differently when they know they are being observed)
Observer Bias (tendency of observers to see what they expect to see)

52
Q

—to reduce observer effect, this is a naturalistic observation in which the OBSERVER becomes a PARTICIPANT in the group being observed

A

Participant Observation

53
Q

—to reduce observer bias, these are people who do not know what the research question is

A

Blind Observers

54
Q

[Descriptive Methods]
—watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting

A

Laboratory Observation

55
Q

[Descriptive Methods]
State the advantages and disadvantages of Laboratory Observation

A

Advantages: control over experiment,
allows use of specialized equipment

Disadvantage: artificial situation may lead to artificial behavior

56
Q

Descriptive Methods lead to the formation of ____________ ____________.

A

testable hypotheses

57
Q

[Descriptive Methods]
—study on one individual in GREAT DETAIL

A

Case Study

58
Q

[Descriptive Methods]
Name the advantages and disadvantages of conducting a CASE STUDY.

A

Advantage: tremendous amount of detail
Disadvantage: cannot apply to others

59
Q

[Descriptive Methods]
A famous case study:

A

Phineas Gage (survived a traumatic brain injury; an iron rod shot through his skull and obliterated greater part of the left frontal lobe of his brain.)

60
Q

[Descriptive Methods]
—researchers ask a series of questions about the topic under study

A

Surveys

61
Q

[Descriptive Methods]
State the advantages and disadvantages of Surveys.

A

Advantages: data from large number of people
-study covert behavior

Disadvantages:
- people are not always accurate (COURTESY BIAS)
-researchers have to ensure representative sample or the results are not meaningful

62
Q

A ___________ sample is a randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects.

A

representative

63
Q

_____________ : the entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested

A

population

64
Q

It is anything that can change or vary.

A

Variable

65
Q

____________ - measure of the relationship between two variables

A

Correlation

66
Q

The correlation coefficient (r) represents two things. What are these?

A

direction of the relationship,
strength of the relationship

67
Q

Correlation coefficient ranges from ________ to __________.

A

-1.00 to 1.00

68
Q

TRUE or FALSE.
The closer to +1.00 or -1.00, the stronger the relationship between the variables.

A

TRUE

69
Q

TRUE or FALSE.
0.00 means no correlation, while
-1.00 or +1.00 means perfect correlation

A

TRUE

70
Q

_________ correlation : variables are related in the same direction

A

positive

71
Q

________ correlation : variables are related in opposite direction

A

negative

72
Q

Does correlation PROVE causation?

A

NO.

73
Q

—a deliberate manipulation of variable to see whether corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing determination of cause-and-effect relationships

A

Experiment

74
Q

—definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured

A

Operational Definition

75
Q

—the variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter
e.g. violent TV

A

Independent Variable (IV)

76
Q

—the variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment
e.g. aggressive play

A

Dependent Variable (DV)

77
Q

—subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable
e.g. experimental group: watch TV

A

Experimental Group

78
Q

—subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive placebo effect (controls for confounding variables)
e.g. no TV

A

Control Group

79
Q

—the process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group
—controls for confounding variables

A

Random Assignment

80
Q

Confounding Variables are _________, ________ Variables

A

Extraneous, Interfering

81
Q

—the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

A

Placebo Effect

82
Q

—subjects do not know whether they are in the experimental or the control group (reduces placebo effect)

A

Single-blind study

83
Q

—tendency of the experimenter’s expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study.

A

Experimenter Effect

84
Q

—neither the experimenter nor the subjects know which subjects are in the experimental or control group (reduces placebo effect and experimenter effect)

A

Double-blind study

85
Q

—the participants are “blind” to the treatment they receive

A

Single-blind study

86
Q

[Real Experiment] Name what is being described.

Knowing that other people might think one’s success in school is due to athletic ability rather than intelligence can make an athlete perform poorly on an academic test.

A

Hypothesis

87
Q

[Real Experiment] Name what is being described.

  1. timing of “high threat” question
  2. test scores
A

Independent Variable
Dependent Variable

88
Q

[Real Experiment] Name what is being described.

—answered “high threat” question before taking the test
—answered “high threat” question after taking the test

A

Experimental Group
Control Group

89
Q

[Real Experiment] Name what is being described.

Those who asked the “high threat” question before the intellectual test scored significantly lower on that test.

A

Results-supported hypothesis

90
Q

—making reasoned judgments about claims

A

Critical Thinking

91
Q

Group of psychologists or other professionals who look over each proposed research study and judge it accordingly to its safety and consideration for the participants in the study.

A

Institutional Review Boards

92
Q

TRUE or FALSE.
[Common Ethical Guidelines]

The rights and well-being of participants must be weighed against the study’s value to Science.

A

TRUE

93
Q

TRUE or FALSE
[Common Ethical Guidelines]

Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation.

A

TRUE

94
Q

TRUE or FALSE
[Common Ethical Guidelines]

Deception MUST be justified.

A

TRUE

95
Q

TRUE or FALSE
[Common Ethical Guidelines]

Participants are not allowed to withdraw from the study at any time.

A

FALSE. They MAY.

96
Q

TRUE or FALSE
[Common Ethical Guidelines]

Participants must be protected from risks or told explicitly of risks.

A

TRUE

97
Q

TRUE or FALSE
[Common Ethical Guidelines]

Investigators must debrief participants, telling them the true nature of the study and their expectations regarding the results.

A

TRUE

98
Q

TRUE or FALSE
[Common Ethical Guidelines]

Data must remain confidential.

A

TRUE

99
Q

TRUE or FALSE
[Common Ethical Guidelines]

If for any reason a study results in undesirable consequences for the participant, the researcher IS NOT responsible for detecting and removing, or correcting these consequences.

A

FALSE. The researcher IS responsible.

100
Q

_________ ___________ answers questions we could never investigate with human research.

A

Animal Research

101
Q

TRUE or FALSE
[Ethics in Animal Research]

The focus is on avoiding exposing animal subjects to unnecessary pain or suffering.

A

TRUE

102
Q

Animals are used in approximately ______ percent of psychological studies.

A

7 (seven)

103
Q

What are the 4 basic criteria/principles of critical thinking?

A
  1. There are very “few truths” that do not need to be subjected to testing.
  2. All evidence is not equal in quality.
  3. Just because someone is considered to be an authority or to have a lot of expertise does not make everything that person claims automatically true.
  4. Critical thinking requires an open mind.
104
Q

PAP was founded on ______.

A

1962

105
Q

Psychology was first offered here in the Philippines where and when?

A

UST, 17th Century

106
Q

R.A. 10029

A

Philippine Psychology Act
March 16,2010 (Gloria Macapagal Arroyo)

107
Q

R.A. 11036

A

Mental Health Act — optimal mental healthcare in Ph
June 21, 2018 (Rodrigo Roa Duterte)

PSYCH 100 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions