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Psychology 101 > Chapter two > Flashcards

Chapter two Flashcards

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1
Q

Is research the difference between fact and opinion

A

yes

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2
Q

Fact is

A

observable reality

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3
Q

opinion is

A

personal judgment, conclusions or attitudes that may or may not be accurate.

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4
Q

Clinical Case study

A

involves just a few individuals for an extended period of time.

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5
Q

Clinical Case Study Drawbacks

A

While this approach provides an incredible depth of information the ability to generalize the observations to a larger population is problematic

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6
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

involves observing behavior in a natural setting and allows for the collection of valid true-to-life information from realistic situations.

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7
Q

Naturalistic observation Drawbacks

A

Does not allow for much control and often requires quite a bit of time and money to perform.

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8
Q

Can researchers test cause and effect hypotheses by conducting experiments?

A

yes

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9
Q

archival research

A

method of research using past records or data sts to answer various research questions or to search for interesting patterns or relationships.

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10
Q

attrition

A

reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

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11
Q

cause and effect relationship

A

change in one variable causes the change in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design

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12
Q

Clinical or case study

A

observation research study focusing on one or a few people

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13
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency t ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

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14
Q

confounding variable

A

the unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the fast impression that change one variable causes change in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables

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15
Q

control group

A

serves as a basis for comparison and controls for change factors that might influence the results of the study. by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups.

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16
Q

correlation

A

relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does

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17
Q

Cross-sectional research

A

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

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18
Q

debriefing

A

when an experiment involves deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion.

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19
Q

deception

A

purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment.

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20
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

results are predicted based on a general premise.

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21
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had

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22
Q

double-blind study

A

experiment in which both researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments

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23
Q

empirical

A

grounded in objective tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again regardless of who is observing

24
Q

experimental group

A

group designated to answer the research question; experimental manipulation s the only difference between the experimental and control groups so due to experimental manipulation rather than chance.

25
Q

experimenter bias

A

researcher expectation skew the results of the study

26
Q

fact

A

objective and verifiable observation established using evidence collected through empirical research

27
Q

falsifiable

A

able to be disproven by experimental results

28
Q

generalize

A

inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population

29
Q

hypothesis

A

tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables

30
Q

illusory correlation

A

seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists

31
Q

independent variable

A

variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter in a sound experimental study. The independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group.

32
Q

inductive reasoning

A

conclusions are drawn from observation

33
Q

informed consent

A

process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risk involved, and the implications of the research then obtaining the persons content to participate

34
Q

IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)

A

committee of administrators, scientists, veterans, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals.

35
Q

IRB (Institutional Review Board)

A

committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants.

36
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event.

37
Q

longitudial research

A

studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time.

38
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observation of behavior in its natural setting

39
Q

negative correlation

A

two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller, a negative correlation is no the same thing as no correlation.

40
Q

operational definition

A

description of what actions are and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables.

41
Q

opinion

A

personal judgment, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate

42
Q

participants

A

the subject of psychological research

43
Q

peer-reviewed journal article

A

the article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication.

44
Q

placebo effect

A

people or expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation

45
Q

population

A

the overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in

46
Q

positive correlation

A

two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller

47
Q

random assignment

A

method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group

48
Q

Random sample

A

the subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

49
Q

Reliability

A

consistency and reproducibility of a given result

50
Q

replicate

A

repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research reliability

51
Q

sample

A

the subset of individuals selected from the larger population

52
Q

single-blind study

A

the experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group

53
Q

statistic analysis

A

determines how likely and difference between experimental groups is due to chance

54
Q

survey

A

list of questions to be answered by research participants- given as paper and pencil questionnaires, and ministered electronically, or conducted verbally- allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people

55
Q

theory

A

a well- developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena

56
Q

validity

A

accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

Psychology 101 (2 decks)

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